Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms

B

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Babesia

AN = infection = BABESIOSIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A genus of tick-borne protozoan parasites that infests the red blood cells of mammals, including humans. There are many recognized species, and the distribution is world-wide.

UI = D001403

 

Babesia bovis

AN = infection = BABESIOSIS (IM) + CATTLE DISEASES (IM) + check tags ANIMAL & CATTLE

MS = A species of protozoa that is a cause of bovine babesiosis. Ticks of the genera Boophilus, Rhipicephalus, and IXODES are the chief vectors.

UI = D016793

 

Babesiosis

AN = sporozoan infect; tick-borne; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL

MS = A group of tick-borne diseases of cattle, sheep, goats, horses, swine, dogs, and cats. It is caused by protozoans of the genus BABESIA, which parasitize the red blood cells, producing hemolysis.

UI = D001404

 

Back Injuries

AN = GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific inj (IM) or specific region (NIM); do not confuse with SPINAL INJURIES which refers to vertebrae only: see note there; DF: BACK INJ

MS = General or unspecified injuries to the posterior part of the trunk. It includes injuries to the muscles of the back.

UI = D019567

 

Babinski Reflex (see: Reflex, Babinski)

 

Bacillaceae

AN = pathogenic & non-pathogenic

MS = A family of bacteria which produce endospores. They are mostly saprophytes from soil, but a few are insect or animal parasites or pathogens.

UI = D001406

 

Bacillaceae Infections

AN = gram-pos bact infect; GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; DF: BACILLACEAE INFECT

MS = Infections with bacteria of the family BACILLACEAE.

UI = D016863

 

Bacillus

AN = specific genus: do not confuse with "bacillus" as "bacterium"; Bacillus mesentericus goes here

MS = A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.

UI = D001407

 

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens N. Numerous isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.

UI = D015245

 

Bacillus anthracis

AN = infection = ANTHRAX

MS = A species of bacteria that causes ANTHRAX in humans and animals.

UI = D001408

 

Bacillus cereus

AN = in soil, dust, plants

MS = A species of rod-shaped bacteria that is a common soil saprophyte. Its spores are widespread and multiplication has been observed chiefly in foods. Contamination may lead to food poisoning.

UI = D001409

 

Bacillus megaterium

AN = same as B. megatherium; in soil, water, dust, decomposing material

MS = A species of bacteria whose spores vary from round to elongate. It is a common soil saprophyte.

UI = D001410

 

Bacillus Phages

AN = coord IM with specific Bacillus (NIM)

MS = Viruses whose host is Bacillus. Frequently encountered Bacillus phages include bacteriophage phi 29 and bacteriophage phi 105.

UI = D017103

 

Bacillus stearothermophilus

AN = in soil & spoiled food

MS = A species of gram-positive bacteria found in soil, hot springs, Arctic waters, ocean sediments, and spoiled food products.

UI = D001411

 

Bacillus subtilis

AN = in soil, dust, decomposing matter

MS = A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.

UI = D001412

 

Bacillus thuringiensis

AN = pathogenic for insects

MS = A species of gram-positive bacteria which may be pathogenic for certain insects. It is used for the biological control of the Gypsy moth.

UI = D001413

 

Bacitracin

AN = a peptide antibiotic

MS = A complex of cyclic peptide antibiotics produced by the Tracy-I strain of Bacillus subtilis. The commercial preparation is a mixture of at least nine bacitracins with bacitracin A as the major constituent. It is used topically to treat open infections such as infected eczema and infected dermal ulcers. (From Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1140)

UI = D001414

 

Back

AN = a region; in humans, the posterior trunk from the neck to the pelvis; prefer a more specific term if possible

UI = D001415

 

Back Pain

AN = GEN or unspecified; considered chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE; "lombo-sciatique" in French texts is indexed under LOW BACK PAIN (IM) + SCIATICA (IM)

MS = A continuous pain located in the back, usually below the cervical level. For lower back pain or pain in the lumbar region, LOW BACK PAIN is available.

UI = D001416

 

Background Radiation

MS = Radiation from sources other than the source of interest. It is due to cosmic rays and natural radioactivity in the environment.

UI = D001417

 

Baclofen

AN = a central muscle relaxant

MS = A GABA derivative that is a specific agonist at GABA-B receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA-B). It is used in the treatment of spasticity, especially that due to spinal cord damage. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission.

UI = D001418

 

Bacteremia

AN = coord with specific bact/infect heading or specific bacterium if specific bact infect is not in MeSH (do not use /blood to indicate -emia)

MS = The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.

UI = D016470

 

Bacteria

AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; Manual 22.2 for qualif; relation to bact dis: Manual 22.14-22.16; TN 201: use of Bergey; TN 209: presence of bacteria in organs vs infection; note many precoord BACT- terms, direct as BACTERIAL PROTEINS, indirect, as ANTIBODIES, BACTERIAL; use Permuted MeSH for total coverage; enteric bacteria: possibly ENTEROBACTERIACEAE but try E COLI or other specific enteric bact; "coliform bacteria" = COLIFORM BACILLI see ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; presence of bacteria in blood = BACTEREMIA: see note there; DF: BACT

MS = Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal.

UI = D001419

 

Bacteria, Aerobic

AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; do not use as a routine coord for an aerobic bact; infection: coord IM with BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: BACT AEROBIC

UI = D001420

 

Bacteria, Anaerobic

AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; do not use as a routine coord for an anaerobic bact; facultatively anaerobic bact: index only here & not also under BACTERIA, AEROBIC; infection: coord IM with BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: BACT ANAEROBIC

UI = D001421

 

Bacterial Adhesion

AN = do not confuse with X ref BACTERIAL ADHESINS see ADHESINS, BACTERIAL, bact antigens; DF: BACT ADHESION

MS = Physicochemical property of fimbriated (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity.

UI = D001422

 

 

Bacterial Capsules

AN = composed of usually polysaccharides; DF: BACT CAPSULES

MS = An envelope of loose gel surrounding a bacterial cell which is associated with the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. Some capsules have a well-defined border, whereas others form a slime layer that trails off into the medium. Most capsules consist of relatively simple polysaccharides but there are some bacteria whose capsules are made of polypeptides.

UI = D016667

 

Bacterial Chromatophores

MS = Organelles of phototrophic bacteria which contain photosynthetic pigments and which are formed from an invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane.

UI = D020130

 

Bacterial Infections and Mycoses

AN = not used for indexing; DF: BACT INFECT MYCOSES CATALOG: do not use

MS = Infections caused by bacteria and fungi, general, specified, or unspecified.

UI = D001423

 

Bacterial Infections

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; many texts saying "sepsis" mean BACTERIAL INFECTIONS: check text; TN 209: differentiation from presence of bacteria in organs; DF: BACT INFECT

MS = Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.

UI = D001424

 

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with specific protein (IM) + specific gram-negative bacterium (IM); DF: BACT OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEINS

MS = Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of bacteria.

UI = D001425

 

Bacterial Physiology

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: BACT PHYSIOL

MS = Physiological processes and activities of bacteria.

UI = D018407

 

Bacterial Proteins

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; /physiol permitted for function within the bacterium; coord IM with specific protein (IM) + specific bacterium (IM); BACTERIAL OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEINS is also available; DF: BACT PROTEINS

MS = Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

UI = D001426

 

Bacterial Toxins

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; coord IM with specific bacterium (IM); /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; DF: BACT TOXINS

MS = Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.

UI = D001427

 

Bacterial Translocation

AN = "passage of viable bact from the gastrointest tract to extra-intest sites"; coord IM with specific bact /physiol (IM)

MS = The passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to extra-intestinal sites, such as the mesenteric lymph node complex, liver, spleen, kidney, and blood. Factors that promote bacterial translocation include overgrowth with gram-negative enteric bacilli, impaired host immune defenses, and injury to the intestinal mucosa resulting in increased intestinal permeability. These mechanisms can act in concert to promote synergistically the systemic spread of indigenous translocating bacteria to cause lethal sepsis.

UI = D018988

 

Bacterial Typing Techniques

AN = coord with bacterium /class; DF: BACT TYPING TECHNIQUES

MS = Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.

UI = D015373

 

Bacterial Vaccines

AN = for specifics not indented here coord IM with specific bacterium /immunol (IM); DF: BACT VACCINES

MS = Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.

UI = D001428

 

Bacteriochlorophylls

AN = photosynthetic pigments in bacteria

MS = Photosynthetic pigments in which pyrrole ring II is more reduced than in plant chlorophylls. Different photosynthetic bacteria have different species of bacteriochlorophyll.

UI = D001429

 

Bacteriocins

AN = antibiotics

MS = Substances elaborated by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species. They are protein or lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes used in taxonomy studies of bacteria.

UI = D001430

 

Bacteroidaceae Infections

AN = gram-neg bact infect; GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; DF: BACTEROIDACEAE INFECT

MS = Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.

UI = D016866

 

Bacteriological Techniques

AN = NIM; DF: BACTERIOL TECHNIQUES CATALOG: do not use /laboratory manuals

UI = D001431

 

Bacteriology

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: BACTERIOL

UI = D001432

 

Bacteriolysis

AN = coord IM with specific bacterium (IM)

MS = Disruption of the structural integrity of a bacterial cell resulting in release of the cell contents. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001433

 

Bacteriophage lambda

AN = a coliphage

MS = A temperate inducible phage and type species of the genus lambda-Like Phages, in the family SIPHOVIRIDAE. Its natural host is E. coli K12. Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA, except for 12 complementary bases at the 5'-termini of the polynucleotide chains. The DNA circularizes on infection.

UI = D010582

 

Bacteriophage M13

AN = a coliphage

MS = Temperate bacteriophage of the genus INOVIRUS which infects enterobacteria, especially E. coli. It is a filamentous phage consisting of single-stranded DNA and is circularly permuted.

UI = D017104

 

Bacteriophage mu

AN = a coliphage; do not confuse X ref PHAGE MU 1 with PHAGE MU 2, an RNA phage

MS = An unassigned species of temperate coliphage, in the family MYOVIRIDAE, composed of a linear, double-stranded molecule of DNA, which is able to insert itself at random at any point on the host chromosome. It frequently causes a mutation by interrupting the continuity of the bacterial operon at the site of insertion.

UI = D010583

 

Bacteriophage P1

AN = a coliphage

MS = An unassigned species of temperate bacteriophage in the family MYOVIRIDAE which infects E. coli. It is the largest of the coliphages and consists of double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and circularly permuted.

UI = D017101

 

Bacteriophage P2

AN = a coliphage of family Myoviridae; DF: note short X refs

MS = An unassigned species of temperate bacteriophage in the family MYOVIRIDAE which infects E. coli. It consists of linear double-stranded DNA with 19-base sticky ends.

UI = D017901

 

Bacteriophage P22

AN = a Salmonella phage; coord IM with specific Salmonella (NIM)

MS = An unassigned species of temperate bacteriophage in the family PODOVIRIDAE that infects Salmonella species. The genome consists of double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and circularly permuted.

UI = D017100

 

Bacteriophage phi 6

AN = a Pseudomonas phage of the family Cystoviridae; coord IM with specific Pseudomonas (NIM); DF: note short X refs

MS = Virulent bacteriophage and sole member of the genus Cystovirus that infects Pseudomonas species. The virion has a segmented genome consisting of three pieces of doubled-stranded DNA and also contains a unique lipid-containing membrane.

UI = D017126

 

Bacteriophage phi X 174

AN = a coliphage

MS = The type species of the genus MICROVIRUS. A prototype of the small virulent DNA coliphages, it is composed of a single strand of supercoiled circular DNA, which on infection, is converted to a double-stranded replicative form by a host enzyme.

UI = D010584

 

Bacteriophage T3

AN = a T-phage (a coliphage) of the family Podoviridae; DF: note short X refs

MS = Bacteriophage in the genus T7-Like Phages, of the family PODOVIRIDAE, which is very closely related to BACTERIOPHAGE T7.

UI = D017903

 

Bacteriophage T4

AN = a T-phage (a coliphage); T4-like phages are T4-LIKE PHAGES see MYOVIRIDAE; DF: note short X refs

MS = Virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus T4-Like Phages, in the family MYOVIRIDAE. It infects E. coli and is the best known of the T-even phages. Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and circularly permuted.

UI = D017122

 

Bacteriophage T7

AN = a T-phage (a coliphage); T7-like phages are T7-LIKE PHAGES see PODOVIRIDAE; DF: note short X refs

MS = Virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus T7-Like Phages, in the family PODOVIRIDAE, that infects E. coli. It consists of linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and non-permuted.

UI = D017123

 

Bacteriophage Typing

AN = policy: Manual 22.24.4

MS = A technique of bacterial typing which differentiates between bacteria or strains of bacteria by their susceptibility to one or more bacteriophages.

UI = D001434

 

Bacteriophages

AN = = "bacterial virus"; GEN or unspecified: prefer specific available phages; for other phages, coord IM with specific bacterium /virol (NIM; IM only when identity of bacterium is particularly significant); policy: Manual 22.24.3

MS = Viruses whose host is a bacterial cell.

UI = D001435

 

Bacteriorhodopsin

AN = bacterial protein: nothing to do with rhodopsin in the retina; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A rhodopsin-like protein found in the PURPLE MEMBRANE of Halobacterium halobium and other halophilic bacteria. Its molecular weight is 26,000 and it is bound to retinal in a 1:1 ratio. It has photoreactions similar to those observed in rhodopsin and functions as an energy transducer or proton pump.

UI = D001436

 

Bacteriuria

AN = TN 190: differentiate from URINE /microbiol; coord IM with specific bacterium with probably /isol (IM)

MS = The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since BACTERIURIA is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of URINE/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine.

UI = D001437

 

Bacteroidaceae

MS = A family of gram-negative bacteria found primarily in the intestinal tracts and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Its organisms are sometimes pathogenic.

UI = D001438

 

Bacteroides

AN = infection = BACTEROIDES INFECTIONS; BACTEROIDES CORRODENS see EIKENELLA CORRODENS and BACTEROIDES NODOSUS see DICHELOBACTER NODOSUS are also available

MS = A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are normal inhabitants of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities of humans, animals, and insects. Some species may be pathogenic.

UI = D001439

 

Bacteroides fragilis

AN = infection: coord IM with BACTEROIDES INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = Gram-negative bacteria occurring in the lower intestinal tracts of man and other animals. It is the most common species of anaerobic bacteria isolated from human soft tissue infections.

UI = D001441

 

Bacteroides Infections

AN = gram-neg bact infect

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.

UI = D001442

 

Baculoviridae

AN = a family of insect viruses; coord IM with specific insect /virol (IM or NIM)

MS = Family of INSECT VIRUSES containing two subfamilies: Eubaculovirinae (occluded baculoviruses) and Nudibaculovirinae (nonoccluded baculoviruses). The Eubaculovirinae, which contain polyhedron-shaped inclusion bodies, have two genera: NUCLEOPOLYHEDROVIRUS and granulovirus. Baculovirus vectors are used for expression of foreign genes in insects.

UI = D016367

 

Badnavirus

AN = a genus of plant viruses; from BAcilliform DNA virus; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

MS = A genus of DNA plant viruses with bacilliform morphology. Transmission in clonally-propagated plants is by vegetative propagation of infected plant materials. Transmission in nature is by mealybugs, seeds, pollen, and leafhoppers (rice tungro bacilliform). The type species is Commelina yellow mottle virus.

UI = D019195

 

Bahamas

AN = a chain of islands in the West Indies

MS = A chain of islands, cays, and reefs in the West Indies, lying southeast of Florida and north of Cuba. It is an independent state, called also the Commonwealth of the Bahamas or the Bahama Islands. The name likely represents the local name Guanahani, itself of uncertain origin. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p106 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p45)

UI = D001444

 

Bahrain

AN = a state in the Persian Gulf

MS = An independent state, an archipelago in the western Persian Gulf, northwest of Qatar. It comprises low-lying islands of Bahrain (the largest), Muharraq, Sitra, and several islets. It has extensive oil fields. The name comes from the Arabic al-bahrayn, "the two seas", with reference to its lying in the middle of a bay with its "two seas" east and west of it. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p107 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p45)

UI = D001445

 

Balanitis

AN = inflamm of penis

MS = Inflammation of the glans penis. It is usually associated with phimosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001446

 

Balantidiasis

AN = protozoan infect of intestines

MS = Infection by protozoan parasites of the genus BALANTIDIUM. The presence of Balantidium in the large intestine leads to diarrhea, dysentery, and occasionally ulceration.

UI = D001447

 

Balantidium

AN = infection = BALANTIDIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A genus of protozoa parasitic in the digestive tract of vertebrate or invertebrate hosts. Asexual multiplication is accomplished by transverse binary fission. Its organisms are ovoidal in shape and have a ciliated covering over the entire body.

UI = D001448

 

Balkan Nephropathy

AN = an interstitial nephritis; do not specify geog unless particularly discussed

MS = A tubulointerstitial disease of unknown etiology occurring in a limited geographic area including adjacent regions of Romania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia.

UI = D001449

 

Ballistocardiography

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: BALLISTOCARDIOGR

MS = Technique of graphic representation of the movements of the body imparted by the ballistic forces (recoil and impact) associated with cardiac contraction and ejection of blood and with the deceleration of blood flow through the large blood vessels. These movements, quantitatively very minute, are translated by a pickup device (transducer) into an electrical potential which is suitably amplified and recorded on a conventional electrocardiograph or other recording machine.

UI = D001450

 

Balloon Dilatation

AN = coord IM with dis/ther (IM), not /surg; DF: BALLOON CATH

MS = Nonoperative repair of occluded vessels, ducts, or valves by insertion of a balloon catheter. It is used to treat varices, torn retinas, renal and biliary calculi, gastric, bronchial and rectal stenoses, and heart valves, and includes catheterization with Fogarty and Foley catheters.

UI = D001451

 

Balneology

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; -ology on BATHS & mineral springs, spas & "cures"; includes bathing or drinking MINERAL WATERS; balneotherapy goes here unless specifically an indention under BALNEOLOGY; differentiate from HYDROTHERAPY where emphasis is on plain water (not natural mineral water; see note there); DF: BALNEOL

MS = Therapy by various hot or warm baths in natural mineral waters, spas, or "cures". It includes not only bathing in, but also drinking the waters, but it does not include whirlpool baths (HYDROTHERAPY).

UI = D001452

 

Balsams

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = Semifluid, resinous, and fragrant liquids of vegetable origin, usually trees, which are often composed chiefly of resins, volatile oils, cinnamic acid, and benzoic acid. The balsams mostly commonly seen in medicine, largely historically, are the balm of Gilead, balsam of Peru, and tolu balsam. (From Dorland, 28th ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D001453

 

Baltic States

AN = = ESTONIA, LATVIA & LITHUANIA collectively

MS = The collective name for the republics of ESTONIA, LATVIA, and LITHUANIA on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p111)

UI = D001454

 

 

Baltimore

AN = DF: BALT

UI = D015142

 

Bambermycins

AN = antibiotics; feed additives & growth promoters for domestic animals

MS = Antibiotic complex obtained from Streptomyces bambergiensis containing mainly Moenomycins A and C. They are used as feed additives and growth promoters for poultry, swine, and cattle.

UI = D001455

 

Band 3 Protein

AN = an antiporter membrane glycoprotein; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A ubiquitous membrane transport protein found in the plasma membrane of diverse cell types and tissues, and in nuclear, mitochondrial, and Golgi membranes. It is the major integral transmembrane protein of the erythrocyte membrane, comprising 25% of the total membrane protein and occurring at 1 million copies per cell. It exists as a dimer and provides a channel for the transport of anions across the membrane.

UI = D001457

 

Bandages

AN = spray-on bandages = OCCLUSIVE DRESSINGS

MS = Material used for wrapping or binding any part of the body.

UI = D001458

 

Bangladesh

UI = D001459

 

Bankruptcy

MS = The state of legal insolvency with assets taken over by judicial process so that they may be distributed among creditors.

UI = D016361

 

Barbados

AN = an island in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies

MS = An island in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies. It is chiefly of coral formation with no good harbors and only small streams. It was probably discovered by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century. The name was given by 16th-century Spanish explorers from barbados, the plural for "bearded", with reference to the beard-like leaves or trails of moss on the trees that grew there in abundance. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p116 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p49)

UI = D001460

 

Barber Surgeons

AN = usually in hist texts; check hist tags; DF: BARBER SURG

MS = In the late Middle Ages barbers who also let blood, sold unguents, pulled teeth, applied cups, and gave enemas. They generally had the right to practice surgery. They began to acquire importance about 1100, when the monks, who required the barber's services for the tonsure, also had recourse to them for blood-letting, a practice required by ecclesiastic law. By the 18th century barbers continued to practice minor surgery and dentistry and many famous surgeons acquired their skill in the shops of barbers. (From Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2d ed, pp402, 568, 658)

UI = D019024

 

Barbering

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

MS = The occupation concerned with the cutting and dressing of the hair of customers and, of men, the shaving and trimming of the beard and mustache. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D001461

 

Barbital

AN = a sedative

MS = A long-acting barbiturate that depresses most metabolic processes at high doses. It is used as a hypnotic and sedative and may induce dependence. Barbital is also used in veterinary practice for central nervous system depression.

UI = D001462

 

Barbiturates

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are medically important as sedatives and hypnotics (SEDATIVES, BARBITURATE), as anesthetics, or as anticonvulsants.

UI = D001463

 

Barium

AN = an alkaline earth metal; Ba-138; Ba-130, 132, 134-137 = BARIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Ba-126-129, 131, 133, 139-143 = BARIUM RADIOISOTOPES (IM); barium enema = BARIUM SULFATE /diag use + ENEMA

MS = An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.

UI = D001464

 

Barium Compounds

AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: BARIUM CPDS

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain barium as an integral part of the molecule.

UI = D017609

 

Barium Radioisotopes

AN = Ba-126-129, 131, 133, 139-143; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

MS = Unstable isotopes of barium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ba atoms with atomic weights 126-129, 131, 133, and 139-143 are radioactive barium isotopes.

UI = D001465

 

Barium Sulfate

AN = a contrast medium; D25-26 qualif; for enema use BARIUM SULFATE /diag use, not BARIUM

MS = Sulfuric acid, barium salt (1:1). A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.

UI = D001466

 

Barley

AN = as plant & food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = Annual grasses whose grains are used as food and for malting and distillation. Hordeum vulgare and Hordeum distichon are two of the more useful species.

UI = D001467

 

Barnacles

AN = crustaceans; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = Various marine crustaceans, free swimming in the larval state, but permanently fixed as adults; there are some 800 described species, grouped in several genera, including Lepas, Balanus, and Scalpellum.

UI = D001468

 

Baroreflex

AN = negative feedback system buffering short-term changes in blood pressure

MS = A negative feedback system which buffers short-term changes in blood pressure. Increased pressure stretches blood vessels which activates PRESSORECEPTORS (baroreceptors) in the vessel walls. The net response of the central nervous system is a reduction of central sympathetic outflow. This reduces blood pressure both by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and by lowering cardiac output. Because the baroreceptors are tonically active, the baroreflex can compensate rapidly for both increases and decreases in blood pressure.

UI = D017704

 

Bartonella quintana

AN = infection = TRENCH FEVER

MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria in which man is the primary host and the human body louse, Pediculus humanus, the principal vector. It is the etiological agent of TRENCH FEVER.

UI = D018413

 

Bartonella henselae

AN = infection = ANGIOMATOSIS, BACILLARY or CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE (see note there): check text

MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria that is the etiologic agent of bacillary angiomatosis (ANGIOMATOSIS, BACILLARY). This organism can also be a cause of CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE in immunocompetent patients.

UI = D018416

 

Barotrauma

AN = inj caused by pressure changes: not restricted to ear; IM; coord with organ injured by pressure with /inj; also available is BLAST INJURIES

MS = Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach.

UI = D001469

 

Barrett Esophagus

AN = note category; do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Ectopic gastric mucosa in the lower esophagus that often becomes ulcerated (Barrett ulcer), leading to stricture formation (ESOPHAGEAL STENOSIS).

UI = D001471

 

Bartholin's Glands

AN = in the vulva

MS = Two small bodies on either side of the vaginal orifice, homologues of the BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS in the male. They secrete mucus responsible for much of the lubrication during sexual intercourse. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Guyton, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 8th ed, p912)

UI = D001472

 

Bartonella

AN = infection = BARTONELLA INFECTIONS

MS = A genus of gram-negative bacteria characteristically appearing in chains of several segmenting organisms. It occurs in man and arthropod vectors and is found only in the Andes region of South America. This genus is the etiologic agent of human bartonellosis. The genus Rochalimaea, once considered a separate genus, has recently been combined with the genus Bartonella as a result of high levels of relatedness in 16S rRNA sequence data and DNA hybridization data.

UI = D001473

 

Bartonella Infections

AN = gram-neg bact infect

MS = Infections by the genus BARTONELLA. Bartonella bacilliformis can cause acute febrile anemia, designated Oroya fever, and a benign skin eruption, called verruga peruana. BARTONELLA QUINTANA causes TRENCH FEVER, while BARTONELLA HENSELAE is the etiologic agent of bacillary angiomatosis (ANGIOMATOSIS, BACILLARY) and is also one of the causes of CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE in immunocompetent patients.

UI = D001474

 

Bartonellaceae

MS = A family of small gram-negative bacteria whose organisms are parasites of erythrocytes in man and other vertebrates and the etiologic agents of several diseases.

UI = D001475

 

Bartonellaceae Infections

AN = gram-neg bact infect

MS = Infections with bacteria of the family BARTONELLACEAE.

UI = D001476

 

Bartter's Disease

AN = hyperaldosteronism caused by juxtaglomerular cell hypertrophy & hyperplasia

MS = Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular cells, producing hypokalemic alkalosis and hyperaldosteronism, characterized by absence of hypertension in the presence of markedly increased plasma renin concentrations, and by insensitivity to the pressor effects of angiotensin. It usually affects children, is perhaps hereditary, and may be associated with other anomalies, such as mental retardation and short stature. It is also called juxtaglomerular cell aplasia. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001477

 

Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome

AN = coord IM with precoord organ/neopl (IM or NIM) only if pertinent; do not confuse X ref GORLIN SYNDROME (also called Gorlin-Goltz syndrome) with GOLTZ-GORLIN SYNDROME see FOCAL DERMAL HYPOPLASIA

MS = Hereditary disorder consisting of multiple basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts, and multiple skeletal defects, e.g., frontal and temporoparietal bossing, bifurcated and splayed ribs, kyphoscoliosis, fusion of vertebrae, and cervicothoracic spina bifida. Genetic transmission is autosomal dominant.

UI = D001478

 

Basal Ganglia

AN = dis = BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES

MS = Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.

UI = D001479

 

Basal Ganglia Diseases

UI = D001480

 

Basal Metabolism

AN = resting state only; energy expenditure, energy cost = ENERGY METABOLISM

MS = Heat production, or its measurement, of an organism at the lowest level of cell chemistry in an inactive, awake, fasting state. It may be determined directly by means of a calorimeter or indirectly by calculating the heat production from an analysis of the end products of oxidation within the organism or from the amount of oxygen utilized.

UI = D001481

 

Base Composition

AN = IM general only; NIM with specific nucleic acid (IM); do not confuse with BASE SEQUENCE: sequ = order in which arranged, comp = what components & how many

MS = The relative amounts of the purines and pyrimidines in a nucleic acid.

UI = D001482

 

Base Pair Mismatch

MS = The presence of an uncomplementary base in double-stranded DNA caused by spontaneous deamination of cytosine or adenine, mismatching during homologous recombination, or errors in DNA replication. Multiple, sequential base pair mismatches lead to formation of heteroduplex DNA (NUCLEIC ACID HETERODUPLEXES).

UI = D020137

 

Base Pairing

AN = coord with DNA or RNA or specific

MS = Two nitrogenous bases, one purine and one pyrimidine, paired by hydrogen bonding in double-stranded DNA or RNA.

UI = D020029

 

Base Sequence

AN = IM general only; NIM with specific nucleic acid (IM); do not confuse with BASE COMPOSITION: comp = what components & how many, sequ = order in which arranged; for base sequencing, use SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA or SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, RNA; when to index with MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA: see note there; DF: BASE SEQ

MS = The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence and includes nucleotide-rich regions, conserved sequence, and DNA transforming region.

UI = D001483

 

Baseball

AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.15.1

MS = A competitive nine-member team sport including softball.

UI = D001484

 

Basement Membrane

AN = NIM; do not confuse X ref BASAL LAMINA with "lamina basalis", the basal plate of the embryonic neural tube

MS = Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina.

UI = D001485

 

Bashkiria

MS = A political subdivision of eastern RUSSIA located within Europe. It consists of a plateau and mountainous area of the Southern Urals. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1997)

UI = D001486

 

Basidiomycota

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = A phylum of fungi that produce their sexual spores (basidiospores) on the outside of the basidium. It includes forms commonly known as mushrooms, boletes, puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, bird's-nest fungi, jelly fungi, bracket or shelf fungi, and rust and smut fungi.

UI = D001487

 

Basil

MS = Any aromatic plant of the genus Ocimum, especially Ocimum basilicum. It is a condiment with carminative properties.

UI = D018649

 

Basilar Artery

MS = The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries.

UI = D001488

 

Basilar Membrane

MS = A membrane that stretches from the spiral lamina to the basilar crest consisting of an inner and an outer part. The inner part supports the spiral organ of Corti.

UI = D001489

 

Basketball

AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.15.1

MS = A competitive team sport played on a rectangular court having a raised basket at each end.

UI = D001490

 

Basophil Degranulation Test

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = An in vitro test used in the diagnosis of allergies including drug hypersensitivity. The allergen is added to the patient's white blood cells and the subsequent histamine release is measured.

UI = D015549

 

Basophils

AN = restrict to leukocytes: not for "basophilic" when referring only to staining ( = STAINING)

MS = Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes.

UI = D001491

 

Bass

AN = IM; qualif permitted

MS = Common name for fish belonging to the order Perciformes and occurring in three different families.

UI = D001492

 

Bathing Beaches

MS = Beaches, both natural and man-made, used for bathing and other activities.

UI = D001493

 

Baths

AN = for personal hygiene or med treatment; at home or in hosp, often not plain water (see note on HYDROTHERAPY), usually with additives; do not confuse with BALNEOLOGY (see note there); general only or unspecified; prefer specifics; note MUD BATHS see MUD THERAPY & SAND BATHS see AMMOTHERAPY; bathing in seawater is probably THALASSOTHERAPY

MS = The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc.

UI = D001494

 

Baths, Finnish

AN = note X ref

MS = Sweat baths given in an enclosed steamy room. Hyperemia of the skin is increased by beating with twigs, and the bath is followed by a cold plunge. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001495

 

Batrachotoxins

AN = from frogs; /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS

MS = Batrachotoxin is the 20-alpha-bromobenzoate of batrachotoxin A; they are toxins from the venom of a small Colombian frog, Phyllobates aurotaenia, cause release of acetylcholine, destruction of synaptic vesicles and depolarization of nerve and muscle fibers.

UI = D001496

 

Battered Child Syndrome

AN = use Cat C qualif

MS = Repeated physical injuries inflicted on the child by the parent, parents, or surrogate parent; often triggered by the child's minor and normal irritating behavior.

UI = D001497

 

Battered Women

AN = prefer SPOUSE ABUSE for battering of wives; check tags HUMAN & FEMALE

MS = Women who are physically and mentally abused over an extended period, usually by a husband or other dominant male figure. Characteristics of the battered woman syndrome are helplessness, constant fear, and a perceived inability to escape. (From American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 3d ed)

UI = D018585

 

Bay-K-8644

AN = a calcium channel agonist

MS = A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.

UI = D001498

 

Bay Region (Chemistry)

AN = note category: a binding site; bay refers to an open graphic representation of a chem structure resembling a bay

MS = An indentation of three fused benzene rings. A common bay region is the site on BENZO(A)PYRENE, an indirect carcinogen that is metabolically activated by the P-450 system at the 7,8-double bond, leading to a 7,8-oxide, which is rapidly converted to a 7,8-dihydrodiol and later epoxidated near the bay region at the 9,10-double bond. The resulting product, a diol-epoxide is a poor substrate for epoxide hydratase and is released from the mitochondria into the cell as a highly reactive electrophil, becoming an 'ultimate' carcinogen, as it reacts with negative charges in DNA. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

UI = D018383

 

Bayes Theorem

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

MS = A theorem in probability theory named for Thomas Bayes (1702-1761). In epidemiology, it is used to obtain the probability of disease in a group of people with some characteristic on the basis of the overall rate of that disease and of the likelihoods of that characteristic in healthy and diseased individuals. The most familiar application is in clinical decision analysis where it is used for estimating the probability of a particular diagnosis given the appearance of some symptoms or test result.

UI = D001499

 

BCG Vaccine

AN = BCG vaccination in prev of tuberc = BCG VACCINE (IM) + TUBERCULOSIS /prev (IM); BCG ther of various diseases = BCG VACCINE /ther use (IM) + dis /ther (IM)

MS = Active immunizing agent; a viable attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis which confers immunity to mycobacterial infections; used also in immunotherapy of neoplasms due to its stimulation of antibodies and non-specific immunity.

UI = D001500

 

Bdellovibrio

AN = "a genus of bacteria capable of developing within other bacteria"

MS = A genus of bacteria capable of developing within other bacteria.

UI = D001501

 

Beak

AN = not restricted to birds

MS = In some animals, the jaws together with their horny covering. The beak usually refers to the bill of birds in which the whole varies greatly in form according of the food and habits of the bird. While the beak refers most commonly to birds, the anatomical counterpart is found also in the turtle, squid, and octopus. (From Webster, 3d ed & Storer, et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p491, 755)

UI = D001502

 

Bears

AN = IM; qualif permitted

MS = Plantigrade carnivorous or omnivorous mammals of the family Ursidae, having massive bodies, coarse heavy fur, relatively short limbs, and almost rudimentary tails. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D001503

 

Beauty

AN = no qualif

MS = Characteristics or attributes of persons or things which elicit pleasurable feelings.

UI = D001504

 

Beauty Culture

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D001505

 

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

AN = a syndrome of multiple abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: EMG SYNDROME CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A syndrome of multiple defects characterized primarily by umbilical hernia, macroglossia, and gigantism and secondarily by visceromegaly, hypoglycemia, ear abnormalities, etc.

UI = D001506

 

Beclomethasone

AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent & bronchodilator

MS = An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of asthma.

UI = D001507

 

Bed Conversion

AN = from one type of care service to another

MS = The reallocation of beds from one type of care service to another, as in converting acute care beds to long term care beds.

UI = D001508

 

Bed Occupancy

AN = coord IM with specific hosp or department (IM) + geog if pertinent

MS = A measure of inpatient health facility use based upon the average number or proportion of beds occupied for a given period of time.

UI = D001509

 

Bed Rest

AN = do not confuse with IMMOBILIZATION: TN 166

MS = Confinement of an individual to bed for therapeutic or experimental reasons.

UI = D001510

 

Bedbugs

AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

MS = Bugs of the family CIMICIDAE, genus Cimex. They are flattened, oval, reddish insects which inhabit houses, wallpaper, furniture, and beds. C. lectularius, of temperate regions, is the common bedbug that attacks humans and is frequently a serious pest in houses, hotels, barracks, and other living quarters. Experiments have shown that bedbugs can transmit a variety of diseases, but they are not normal vectors under natural conditions. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p272)

UI = D001511

 

Bedding and Linens

AN = includes all bedclothes & towels, washcloths, gowns, pajamas; DF: BEDDING

MS = Articles of cloth, usually cotton or rayon and other synthetic or cotton-blend fabrics, used in households, hospitals, physicians' examining rooms, nursing homes, etc., for sheets, pillow cases, toweling, gowns, drapes, and the like.

UI = D001512

 

Beds

MS = Equipment on which one may lie and sleep, especially as used to care for the hospital patient.

UI = D001513

 

Bee Venoms

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted

MS = Venoms obtained from Apis mellifera (honey bee) and related species. They contain various enzymes, polypeptide toxins, and other substances, some of which are allergenic or immunogenic or both. These venoms were formerly used in rheumatism to stimulate the pituitary-adrenal system.

UI = D001514

 

Beer

MS = An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation.

UI = D001515

 

Bees

AN = does not include WASPS; for stings, coord IM with INSECT BITES AND STINGS (IM)

MS = Insect members of the superfamily Apoidea, found almost everywhere, particularly on flowers. About 3500 species occur in North America. They differ from most WASPS in that their young are fed honey and pollen rather than animal food. Honey is collected in the form of nectar from flowers and concentrated into honey by evaporation. For most people bee stings are of little significance and are treated locally; other persons, however, react with hypersensitivity putting them in serious danger. (Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed; Smith, Insects and Other Arthropods of Medical Importance, 1973, p409)

UI = D001516

 

Beetles

AN = includes TENEBRIO (mealworm) & TENEBRIO (flour beetle); /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

UI = D001517

 

Beggiatoaceae

AN = in water, soil & decomposing matter

MS = A family of gram-negative, gliding bacteria usually found in marine or freshwater environments.

UI = D001518

 

Beggiatoales

AN = an order of gliding gram-neg aerobic bacteria

MS = An order of gliding bacteria consisting of cells of widely varying sizes that occur mostly as filaments.

UI = D016938

 

Behavior

AN = human only: animal behavior = BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; "behavior therapy" = BEHAVIOR THERAPY CATALOG: do not use /in inf ( = INFANT BEHAVIOR &/or CHILD BEHAVIOR) /in adolesc ( = ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR)

MS = The observable response a person makes to any situation.

UI = D001519

 

Behavior, Addictive

AN = use Cat F3 qualif

MS = The observable, measurable, and often pathological activity of an organism that portrays its inability to overcome a habit resulting in an insatiable craving for a substance or for performing certain acts. The addictive behavior includes the emotional and physical overdependence on the object of habit in increasing amount or frequency.

UI = D016739

 

Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

MS = The observable response made to a situation and the unconscious processes underlying it.

UI = D001520

 

Behavior Therapy

AN = a psychother technique; assertiveness training: coord IM with ASSERTIVENESS (IM); DF: BEHAVIOR THER

MS = The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders.

UI = D001521

 

Behavior, Animal

AN = IM CATALOG: form qualif permitted

MS = The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

UI = D001522

 

Behavioral Disciplines and Activities

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

MS = The specialties in psychiatry and psychology, their diagnostic techniques and tests, their therapeutic methods, and psychiatric and psychological services.

UI = D004191

 

Behavioral Medicine

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: BEHAVIORAL MED

MS = The interdisciplinary field concerned with the development and integration of behavioral and biomedical science, knowledge, and techniques relevant to health and illness and the application of this knowledge and these techniques to prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation.

UI = D001524

 

Behavioral Sciences

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

MS = Disciplines concerned with the study of human and animal behavior.

UI = D001525

 

Behavioral Symptoms

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with BEHAVIOR: read MeSH definitions

MS = Observable manifestions of impaired psychological functioning.

UI = D001526

 

Behaviorism

AN = a school of psychology: do not confuse with BEHAVIOR; only /hist

MS = A psychologic theory developed by James B. Watson concerned with studying and measuring behaviors that are observable.

UI = D001527

 

Behcet's Syndrome

AN = inflamm dis of oral, vasc, cutaneous, eye & other sites; in translations spell Beh[cet's, not Behcet's

MS = Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. Synovitis, thrombophlebitis, gastrointestinal ulcerations, retinal vasculitis, and optic atrophy may be occur as well.

UI = D001528

 

Belgium

UI = D001530

 

Belize

UI = D001531

 

Belladonna

AN = plant only: its alkaloids used therapeutically = BELLADONNA ALKALOIDS

MS = A species of very poisonous Solanaceous plants yielding ATROPINE (hyoscyamine), SCOPOLAMINE, and other BELLADONNA ALKALOIDS, used to block the muscarinic autonomic nervous system.

UI = D001532

 

Belladonna Alkaloids

MS = Alkaloids obtained from various plants, especially the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), variety acuminata; atropine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine are classical, specific antimuscarinic agents with many pharmacologic actions; used mainly as antispasmodics.

UI = D001533

 

Bemegride

AN = a convulsant

MS = A CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose.

UI = D001534

 

Benactyzine

AN = a muscarinic antag

MS = A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.

UI = D001535

 

Bence Jones Protein

AN = a paraprotein

MS = An abnormal plasma or urinary protein, consisting of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains, excreted in some plasma cell dyscrasias and characterized by its unusual solubility properties. (Dorland, 28th ed, p1368 & p190; Garrison and Morton's Medical Bibliography, 2d ed, p378)

UI = D001536

 

 

Benchmarking

MS = Method of measuring performance against established standards of best practice.

UI = D019985

 

Bencyclane

AN = a calcium channel blocker

MS = N,N-dimethyl-3-3-(1-benzylcycloheptyloxy)propylamine. A vasodilator agent found to be effective in a variety of peripheral circulation disorders. It has various other potentially useful pharmacological effects. Its mechanism may involve block of calcium channels.

UI = D001537

 

Bender-Gestalt Test

MS = A psychological test consisting of nine geometric designs on cards. The subject is asked to redraw them from memory after each one is presented individually.

UI = D001538

 

Bendroflumethiazide

AN = a diuretic

MS = A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLORTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810)

UI = D001539

 

Benin

AN = a republic in western Africa; X ref DAHOMEY was its former name

MS = A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER and between TOGO and NIGERIA. Its capital is Porto-Novo. It was formerly called Dahomey. In the 17th century it was a kingdom in the southern area of Africa. Coastal footholds were established by the French who deposed the ruler by 1892. It was made a French colony in 1894 and gained independence in 1960. Benin comes from the name of the indigenous inhabitants, the Bini, now more closely linked with southern Nigeria (Benin City, a town there). Bini may be related to the Arabic bani, sons. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p136, 310 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p60)

UI = D001541

 

Benomyl

AN = an agric fungicide

MS = Methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate. A systemic agricultural fungicide used for control of certain fungal diseases of stone fruit.

UI = D001542

 

Benperidol

AN = an antipsychotic agent

MS = A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)

UI = D001544

 

Benserazide

AN = a dopa decarboxylase inhib & antiparkinson agent

MS = An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.

UI = D001545

 

Bentonite

AN = a hydrated aluminum silicate; a suspending agent & bulk laxative

MS = Bentonite. A native, colloidal, hydrated aluminum silicate which, on the addition of water, swells to produce a slippery paste. Its chief pharmaceutical use is as a suspending agent and it has also been used as a bulk laxative. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001546

 

Benzaldehydes

UI = D001547

 

Benzalkonium Compounds

AN = anti-infectives; D25-26 qualif

MS = A mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium compounds. It is a bactericidal quaternary ammonium detergent used topically in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, as a surgical antiseptic, and as a as preservative and emulsifier in drugs and cosmetics.

UI = D001548

 

Benzamides

MS = BENZOIC ACID amides.

UI = D001549

 

Benzamidines

AN = peptidase inhib

MS = Amidines substituted with a benzene group. Benzamidine and its derivatives are known as peptidase inhibitors.

UI = D001550

 

Benzanthracenes

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = Generally, hydrocarbons in which a benzene and anthracene ring have a double bond in common. (Grant & Grant, Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D001551

 

Benzazepines

AN = a uricosuric

UI = D001552

 

Benzbromarone

AN = a uricosuric

MS = 3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl-2-ethyl-3-benzofuranyl ketone. Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.

UI = D001553

 

Benzene

AN = an indust solvent; do not confuse with benzil or benzal

MS = Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide.

UI = D001554

 

Benzene Derivatives

UI = D001555

 

Benzenesulfonates

MS = Organic salts and esters of benzenesulfonic acid.

UI = D001557

 

Benzethonium

AN = an anti-infective; D25-26 qualif

MS = Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade.

UI = D001558

 

Benzhydryl Compounds

AN = DF: BENZHYDRYL CPDS

MS = Compounds which contain the methyl radical substituted with two benzene rings. Permitted are any substituents, but ring fusion to any of the benzene rings is not allowed.

UI = D001559

 

Benzidines

AN = carcinogens

MS = Very toxic industrial chemicals. They are absorbed through the skin, causing lethal blood, bladder, liver, and kidney damage and are potent, broad-spectrum carcinogens in most species.

UI = D001560

 

Benzilates

UI = D001561

 

Benzimidazoles

UI = D001562

 

Benzo(a)pyrene

AN = a mutagen & carcinogen; D25-26 qualif

MS = A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.

UI = D001564

 

Benzoates

MS = Salts and esters of BENZOIC ACID that possess antibacterial and antifungal properties. They are used as preservatives in pharmaceutical formulations including oral preparations, cosmetics, and food.

UI = D001565

 

Benzocaine

MS = A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along nerve fibers and at nerve endings.

UI = D001566

 

Benzocycloheptenes

UI = D001567

 

Benzodiazepine see: Anti-Anxiety Agents, Benzodiazepine)

 

Benzodiazepines

AN = do not confuse with BENZODIAZEPINONES; in ther of dis is likely to be ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS, BENZODIAZEPINE

MS = A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any H-isomer.

UI = D001569

 

Benzodiazepinones

AN = do not confuse with BENZODIAZEPINES

UI = D001570

 

Benzoflavones

AN = enzyme inhib

MS = Organic compounds containing a benzene ring attached to a flavone group. Some of these are potent arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase inhibitors. They may also inhibit the binding of nucleic acids to benzopyrenes and related compounds. The designatin includes all isomers; the 7,8-isomer is most frequently encountered.

UI = D001571

 

Benzofurans

UI = D001572

 

Benzoic Acid

AN = BENZOIC ACIDS is also available

MS = A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.

UI = D019817

 

Benzoic Acids

AN = BENZOIC ACID is also available

MS = Acids, salts, and derivatives of BENZOIC ACID.

UI = D020185

 

Benzoin

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = 2-Hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethanone. A white crystalline compound prepared by condensation of benzaldehyde in potassium cyanide and used in organic syntheses.

UI = D001573

 

Benzolamide

AN = a carbonic anhydrase inhib

MS = 5-Benzenesulfonamido-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide. Selective renal carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It may also be of use in certain cases of respiratory failure.

UI = D001574

 

Benzomorphans

AN = analgesics

MS = Morphine derivatives of the methanobenzazocine family that act as potent analgesics.

UI = D001575

 

Benzophenoneidum

AN = an anti-infective; D25-26 qualif

MS = 4,4'-bis(Dimethylamino)benzophenonimide. An aniline dye used as a disinfectant and an antiseptic agent. It is weakly fluorescing and binds specifically to certain proteins.

UI = D001576

 

Benzophenones

UI = D001577

 

Benzopyrans

AN = do not confuse with BENZOPYRENES

UI = D001578

 

Benzopyrene Hydroxylase

AN = a cytochrome

MS = A drug-metabolizing, cytochrome P-448 (P-450) enzyme which catalyzes the hydroxylation of benzopyrene to 3-hydroxybenzopyrene in the presence of reduced flavoprotein and molecular oxygen. Also acts on certain anthracene derivatives. An aspect of EC 1.14.14.1.

UI = D001579

 

Benzopyrenes

AN = do not confuse with BENZOPYRANS

MS = A class of chemicals that contain an anthracene ring with a naphthalene ring attached to it.

UI = D001580

 

Benzoquinones

MS = Benzene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.

UI = D016227

 

Benzothiadiazines

UI = D001581

 

Benzothiepins

UI = D001582

 

Benzoxazoles

AN = includes benzoxazolines, benzoxazolidines

UI = D001583

 

Benzoxepins

UI = D001584

 

Benzoyl Peroxide

MS = A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for burns and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of acne and poison ivy. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.

UI = D001585

 

Benzoylarginine Nitroanilide

AN = a chromogenic cpd; DF: BAPA

MS = (+-)-N-(4-((Aminoiminomethyl)amino)-1-(((4-nitrophenyl)amino)carbonyl)butyl)benzamide. A chromogenic substrate that permits direct measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g., papain and trypsin, by colorimetry. The substrate liberates p-nitroaniline as a chromogenic product.

UI = D001586

 

Benzoylarginine-2-Naphthylamide

AN = DF: BANA

MS = N-[4-Guanidino-1-(2-naphthylcarbamoyl)butyl]-DL-benzamide. An enzyme substrate which permits the measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g. trypsin and thrombin. The enzymes liberate 2-naphthylamine, which is measured by colorimetric procedures.

UI = D001587

 

Benzoylcholine

MS = The benzoic acid ester of choline.

UI = D001588

 

Benzphetamine

AN = an appetite depressant

MS = A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222)

UI = D001589

 

Benztropine

AN = an antiparkinson agent

MS = A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.

UI = D001590

 

Benzydamine

AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent

MS = 1-Benzyl-3-(3-dimethylamino)propoxy)-1H-indazole monohydrochloride. An analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of rheumatic disease and inflammation of the mouth and throat.

UI = D001591

 

Benzyl Alcohol

AN = BENZYL ALCOHOLS also available

MS = A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.

UI = D019905

 

Benzyl Alcohols

AN = BENZYL ALCOHOL also available

MS = Alcohols derived from the aryl radical (C6H5CH2-) and defined by C6H5CHOH. The concept includes derivatives with any substituents on the benzene ring.

UI = D001592

 

Benzyl Compounds

AN = do not confuse with benzil; DF: BENZYL CPDS

UI = D001593

 

Benzyl Viologen

AN = an indicator

MS = 1,1'-Bis(phenylmethyl)4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride. Oxidation-reduction indicator.

UI = D001594

 

Benzylamine Oxidase

MS = An aspect of monoamine oxidase, EC 1.4.3.4. Catalyzes the oxidation of benzylamine to form benzaldehyde, ammonia and hydrogen peroxide.

UI = D001595

 

Benzylamines

MS = Toluenes in which one hydrogen of the methyl group is substituted by an amino group. Permitted are any substituents on the benzene ring or the amino group.

UI = D001596

 

Benzylidene Compounds

AN = = benzals; DF: BENZYLIDENE CPDS

MS = Compounds containing the PhCH= radical.

UI = D001597

 

Bephenium Compounds

AN = an antinematodal agent; DF: BEPHENIUM CPDS

MS = Analogs or derivatives of bephenium (N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-phenoxyethyl)benzenemethanaminium).

UI = D001598

 

Bepridil

AN = an antihypertensive calcium channel blocker

MS = beta-((2-Methylpropoxy)methyl)-N-phenyl-N-(phenylmethyl)-1-pyrrolidineethanamine. A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.

UI = D015764

 

Berberine

AN = an alkaloid from Hydrastis

MS = 5,6-Dihydro-9,10-dimethoxybenzo[g][1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-a] quinolizinium hydroxide. An alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L., Berberidaceae. Also found in many other plants. It is relatively toxic parenterally, but has been used orally for various parasitic and fungal infections and as antidiarrheal. Synonym: Umbellatine.

UI = D001599

 

Berbines

AN = alkaloids

UI = D001600

 

Bereavement

AN = human & animal; no qualif

MS = Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness.

UI = D001601

 

Beriberi

AN = caused by THIAMINE DEFICIENCY

MS = A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in Japan, China, the Philippines, India, and other countries of southeast Asia. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001602

 

Berkelium

AN = man-made radioactive element; IM

MS = Berkelium. A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Bk, atomic number 97, and atomic weight 247. Its valence can be +3 or +4. Twelve isotopes have been produced with mass numbers 240-251.

UI = D001603

 

Berlin

AN = includes East or West Berlin; for historical or modern Berlin

UI = D001604

 

Bermuda

AN = a British colony in the North Atlantic

MS = A British colony in the western North Atlantic Ocean about 640 miles east southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. It comprises a group of about 300 islands of which only about 20 are inhabited. It is called also the Bermuda Islands or the Bermudas. It was named for the Spanish explorer Juan Bermudez who visited the islands in 1515. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p140 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p61)

UI = D001605

 

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome

AN = a familial blood platelet disord

MS = A familial coagulation disorder characterized by a prolonged bleeding time, unusually large platelets, and impaired prothrombin consumption.

UI = D001606

 

Berylliosis

AN = pneumoconiosis from beryllium; do not coord with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

MS = A lung disease caused by exposure to metallic beryllium or its soluble salts.

UI = D001607

 

Beryllium

AN = Be-9; Be-6-8, 10, 11 = BERYLLIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM); /adv eff /tox permitted but /pois = BERYLLIOSIS

MS = Beryllium. An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.

UI = D001608

 

beta-Alanine

AN = an amino acid

MS = beta-Alanine. An amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing GABA. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported.

UI = D015091

 

Beta Carotene

AN = a coloring agent & antioxidant

MS = A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. It is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria. It has also been used as a coloring agent in food and studied as an antioxidant with possible protective benefits in a number of disorders. (From Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Engewood, CO, 1995.)

UI = D019207

 

Beta-Globulins

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with beta 2 A-globulin or beta 2 M-globulin ( = BETA 2 MICROGLOBULIN)

MS = The serum globulins with an electrophoretic mobility in neutral or alkaline solutions intermediate between that of ALPHA-GLOBULINS and GAMMA-GLOBULINS. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001609

 

Betaherpesvirinae

AN = a subfamily of the family Herpesviridae; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A subfamily of HERPESVIRIDAE characterized by a relatively long replication cycle. There are two genera: CYTOMEGALOVIRUS and MUROMEGALOVIRUS.

UI = D018141

 

beta-N-Acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to a specific glycoprotein receptor, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucosyl-glycopeptide, during glycopeptide synthesis. EC 2.4.1.38.

UI = D006022

 

Beta Rays

AN = NIM

MS = A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes.

UI = D001610

 

Beta Rhythm

AN = in EEG; /drug eff /rad eff permitted

MS = Brain waves in the electroencephalogram which have a frequency of 18 to 30 per second. They are typical during periods of intense activity of the nervous system, and occur principally in the parietal and frontal regions. (Dorland, 27th ed, p1851)

UI = D001611

 

beta 2-Microglobulin

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = An 11 kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants.

UI = D001613

 

beta-Amylase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glycosidic linkages in starch, glycogen, and related polysaccharides and oligosaccharides so as to remove successive beta-maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains. EC 3.2.1.2.

UI = D001614

 

beta-Endorphin

AN = a neurotransmitter; do not confuse with BETA-NEO-ENDORPHIN; ALPHA-ENDORPHIN & GAMMA-ENDORPHIN are also available; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone BETA-LIPOTROPIN. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide sequence with METHIONINE- and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN. The compound shows opiate-like activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone.

UI = D001615

 

beta-Galactosidase

AN = /defic: consider also LACTOSE INTOLERANCE

MS = A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. EC 3.2.1.23.

UI = D001616

 

beta-Glucosidase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing residues in beta-D-glucosides with release of beta-glucose. EC 3.2.1.21.

UI = D001617

 

beta-Lactamases

MS = Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6.

UI = D001618

 

beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidase

AN = do not confuse with ACETYLGLUCOSAMINIDASE

MS = An enzyme hydrolyzing terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-hexosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminides. It acts on glucosides, galactosides, and several oligosaccharides. Hexosaminidase A cleaves GM2, GA2, globosides, and hexosamine oligosaccharides. Deficiency of this isoenzyme causes TAY-SACHS DISEASE. Hexosaminidase B cleaves all the above substrates except GM2. A deficiency of both A and B causes SANDHOFF DISEASE. The enzyme has also been used as a tumor marker to distinguish between malignant and benign disease. EC 3.2.1.52.

UI = D001619

 

beta-Thromboglobulin

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: BETA TG

MS = A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, pre-eclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders.

UI = D001620

 

Betahistine

AN = an enzyme inhib & vasodilator

MS = N-Methyl-2-pyridineethanamine. A physiological histamine analog vasodilator agent that also acts as a histamine H1 receptor agonist. It is used in Meniere's disease and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.

UI = D001621

 

Betaine

AN = a lipotropic factor

MS = A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)

UI = D001622

 

Betamethasone

AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent

MS = A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)

UI = D001623

 

Betamethasone 17-Valerate

AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent

MS = 9-Fluoro-11 beta,17,21-trihydroxy-16 beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione-17-valerate. A synthetic glucocorticoid with high topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.

UI = D001624

 

Betaxolol

AN = an antihypertensive

MS = 1-(4-(2-(Cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl)phenoxy)-3-((1-methylethyl)amino)-2-propanol. A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist with no partial agonist activity. The drug is a potent antihypertensive agent and has been effective in the treatment of patients with glaucoma and airway diseases.

UI = D015784

 

Betazole

AN = a gastrointestinal agent

MS = 3-(beta-Aminoethyl)pyrazole. A histamine H2 agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.

UI = D001625

 

Bethanechol

AN = a muscarinic agonist

MS = A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, cardiac rate changes, and bronchial spasms.

UI = D018723

 

Bethanechol Compounds

AN = ammonium cpds; BETHANECHOL is available; DF: BETHANECHOL CPDS

UI = D001626

 

Bethanidine

AN = an antihypertensive

MS = 1-Benzyl-2,3-dimethylguanidine sulfate. A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.

UI = D001627

 

Beverages

AN = orange & grapefruit juices: coord IM with CITRUS FRUITS (IM); ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES & specifics & CARBONATED BEVERAGES are also available

MS = Liquids that are suitable for drinking. (From Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)

UI = D001628

 

Bezafibrate

AN = an antilipemic

MS = Antilipemic agent that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides. It decreases low density lipoproteins and increases high density lipoproteins.

UI = D001629

 

Bezoars

AN = concretions from ingested foreign matter; coord IM with organ (IM), not organ/dis: Manual 21.39

MS = Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.

UI = D001630

 

Bhutan

AN = a kingdom in the eastern Himalayas

MS = A kingdom in the eastern Himalayas on the northeast border of India, bounded on the north by Tibet, on the east by Assam, on the south by Assam and West Bengal, and on the west by Sikkim and Tibet. From 1720 to 1970 it was under Chinese or Indian domination. In 1971 it became a member of the United Nations. The name comes from the Sanskrit bhota, the name for Tibet, + anta, end, with reference to its location at the southern extremity of Tibet. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p144 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p64)

UI = D001631

 

Bias (Epidemiology)

AN = restrict to epidemiol: read MeSH definition; do not use for "bias" as prejudice or subjectivity ( = PREJUDICE); IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM), not /etiol; no qualif; specify geog if pertinent; DF: BIAS

MS = Any deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to such deviation. Bias can result from several sources: one-sided or systematic variations in measurement from the true value (systematic error); flaws in study design; deviation of inferences, interpretations, or analyses based on flawed data or data collection; etc. There is no sense of prejudice or subjectivity implied in the assessment of bias under these conditions.

UI = D015982

 

Bibenzyls

UI = D001632

 

Bible

AN = no qualif; Old and New Testament only: does not include Koran (index under ISLAM + specific aspect discussed in article); includes Talmud CATALOG: use NAF entry

MS = The book composed of writings generally accepted by Christians as inspired by God and of divine authority. (Webster, 3d ed)

UI = D001633

 

Bibliography

AN = IM for bibliog as a subject: do not confuse with Publication Type BIBLIOGRAPHY; for bibliog on specific subject, index under subject (IM) + BIBLIOGRAPHY (PT); no qualif; policy: Manual 17.4.+, 33.4-33.9, 36.22; TN 121: differentiate from LITERATURE; med bibliog: see note on BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MEDICINE; lists of books: consider also BOOK SELECTION; DF: BIBLIOGR CATALOG: form qualif /bibliography & double forms are available

MS = A list of works, documents or other publications, usually with some relationship between them, e.g., by a given author, on a given subject, or published in a given place, and differing from a catalog in that its contents are restricted to holdings of a single collection, library, or group of libraries. (The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

UI = D001634

 

Bibliography [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; do not confuse with catalogers' form subhead /bibliography; for bibliography as a subject, index under main heading BIBLIOGRAPHY; /biobibliography (catalogers' form subhead) & BIOBIBLIOGRAPHY (main heading) are also available; Manual 33.4-33.9

MS = A list of books, articles, documents, publications, and other items, usually on a single subject or related subjects.

UI = D016417

 

Bibliography of Medicine

AN = IM for bibliog of med as a subject; do not use for specific medical subjects: use BIBLIOGRAPHY instead but see note there; no qualif; Manual 33.9; DF: BIBLIOG MED or BIBLIOGR MED CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A list of works, documents, and other publications on medical subjects and topics of interest to the field of medicine.

UI = D001635

 

Bibliography, Descriptive

AN = cataloging term; no qualif; DF: BIBLIOG DESCRIPTIVE or BIBLIOGR DESCRIPTIVE

MS = The area of bibliography which makes known precisely the material conditions of books, i.e., the full name of the author, the exact title of the work, the date and place of publication, the publisher's and printer's names, the format, the pagination, typographical particulars, illustrations, and the price, and for old books, other characteristics such as the kind of paper, binding, etc. It is also called analytical bibliography and physical bibliography. (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)

UI = D001636

 

Bibliography, National

AN = cataloging term: no qualif; DF: BIBLIOG NATIONAL or BIBLIOGR NATIONAL CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A bibliography which lists all the books and other publications published, or distributed in significant quantity, in a particular country. Sometimes the term is used with respect to the new publications published within a specific period, and sometimes with respect to all those published within a lengthy period of many years. It is also used to indicate a bibliogrpaphy of publications about a country (whether written by its nationals or not) and those written in the language of the country as well as those published in it. (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)

UI = D001637

 

Bibliometrics

AN = IM; coord with subject (IM); med bibliometrics: do not coordinate with MEDICINE

MS = The use of statistical methods in the analysis of a body of literature to reveal the historical development of subject fields and patterns of authorship, publication, and use. Formerly called statistical bibliography. (from The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

UI = D015706

 

Bibliotherapy

AN = a psychother technique; DF: BIBLIOTHER

MS = A form of supportive psychotherapy in which the patient is given carefully selected material to read.

UI = D001638

 

Bicarbonates

MS = Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.

UI = D001639

 

Bicuculline

AN = a convulsant

MS = Isoquinoline alkaloid from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants that is a competitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus causes convulsions.

UI = D001640

 

Bicuspid

AN = between the canine & molar teeth; NIM when merely locational

MS = One of the eight permanent teeth, two on either side in each jaw, between the canines (CUSPID) and the molars (MOLAR), serving for grinding and crushing food. The upper have two cusps (bicuspid) but the lower have one to three. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p822)

UI = D001641

 

Bicycling

AN = for transport or recreation: not for test of phys exertion ( = probably BICYCLE ERGOMETRY TEST see EXERCISE TEST); /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.15.1

MS = The use of a bicycle for transportation or recreation. It does not include the use of a bicycle in studying the body's response to physical exertion (BICYCLE ERGOMETRY TEST see EXERCISE TEST).

UI = D001642

 

Bicyclo Compounds

AN = DF: BICYCLO CPDS

UI = D001643

 

Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic

AN = DF: BICYCLO CPDS HETEROCYCLIC

MS = A class of saturated compounds consisting of two rings only, having two or more atoms in common, containing at least one hetero atom, and that take the name of an open chain hydrocarbon containing the same total number of atoms. (From Riguady et al., Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979, p31)

UI = D019086

 

Bifidobacterium

AN = infection: coord IM with ACTINOMYCETALES INFECTIONS (IM); DF: BIFIDOBACT

MS = A rod-shaped, gram-positive, non-acid-fast, non-spore-forming, non-motile bacterium that is a genus of the family ACTINOMYCETACEAE. It inhabits the intestines and feces of humans as well as the human vagina.

UI = D001644

 

Biguanides

UI = D001645

 

Bile

AN = stasis = CHOLESTASIS; drugs stimulating or increasing flow of bile = CHOLAGOGUES AND CHOLERETICS

MS = A fluid secreted by the liver and poured into the small intestine via the bile ducts. Important constituents are conjugated bile salts, cholesterol, phospholipid, bilirubin diglucuronide, and electrolytes. (From Dorland, 28th ed) Biliary sludge is particulate matter consisting of mucus, calcium bilirubinate, sloughed mucosal cells, and sometimes cholesterol crystals, often the result of underlying gallbladder disease or medical interventions. (Bockus Gastroenterology, 5th ed, p2665)

UI = D001646

 

Bile Acids and Salts

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: BILE ACIDS

MS = Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.

UI = D001647

 

Bile Canaliculi

AN = also called "bile capillaries"

MS = Minute intercellular channels that occur between liver cells and carry bile towards interlobar bile ducts. Also called bile capillaries.

UI = D001648

 

Bile Duct Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = CHOLANGITIS; calculi = CHOLELITHIASIS (IM) + BILE DUCT DISEASES (NIM) or specific bile duct (IM)

UI = D001649

 

Bile Duct Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with specific bile duct (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D001650

 

Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic

AN = coord IM with specific bile duct (IM) or specific precoord bile duct dis (IM)

MS = Impairment of bile flow through the hepatic, cystic, or common bile ducts or Vater's ampulla. This is sometimes called surgical jaundice.

UI = D001651

 

Bile Ducts

AN = /abnorm: BILIARY ATRESIA is also available; inflammation = CHOLANGITIS; calculi = CHOLELITHIASIS (IM) + BILE DUCT DISEASES (NIM)

UI = D001652

 

Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic

AN = do not confuse with BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; do not confuse with HEPATIC DUCT, COMMON, the external junction of right & left hepatic ducts; diseases: coord IM with BILE DUCT DISEASES (IM) but note BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION, EXTRAHEPATIC; neopl: coord IM with BILE DUCT NEOPLASMS (IM); inflammation: coord IM with CHOLANGITIS (IM)

MS = Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the COMMON BILE DUCT and the common hepatic duct (HEPATIC DUCT, COMMON).

UI = D017734

 

 

Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic

AN = do not confuse with BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC; do not confuse with HEPATIC DUCT, COMMON, the external junction of right & left hepatic ducts; diseases: coord IM with BILE DUCT DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with BILE DUCT NEOPLASMS (IM); inflammation: coord IM with CHOLANGITIS (IM); BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION, INTRAHEPATIC see CHOLESTASIS, INTRAHEPATIC is also available

MS = Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.

UI = D001653

 

Bile Pigments

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; BILIRUBIN & BILIVERDINE are available

MS = Coloring matters of the bile. They are BILIRUBIN, biliverdin (BILIVERDINE), bilifuscin, biliprasin, choleprasin, bilihumin, and bilicyanin. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001654

 

Bile Reflux

AN = note category

MS = Reflux of bile mainly into the upper digestive tract, but also into the pancreas.

UI = D001655

 

Biliary Atresia

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Atresia of the biliary tract, most commonly of the extrahepatic bile ducts.

UI = D001656

 

Biliary Dyskinesia

UI = D001657

 

Biliary Fistula

AN = abnorm passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs & other organs; GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific precoord biliary tract/dis heading (IM); fistula policy: Manual 23.19+

MS = Abnormal passage communicating with the biliary tract.

UI = D001658

 

Biliary Tract

AN = /abnorm: BILIARY ATRESIA is also available; /radiogr permitted but CHOLECYSTOGRAPHY for gallbladder x-ray & CHOLANGIOGRAPHY for bile duct x-ray are available; calculi = CHOLELITHIASIS; empyema = EMPYEMA, GALLBLADDER see CHOLECYSTITIS or EMPYEMA (IM) + BILIARY TRACT DISEASES (IM) if not of gallbladder; inflammation = CHOLECYSTITIS or CHOLANGITIS

MS = The organs, ducts, and other structures that participate in the secretion, storage, and delivery of bile into the duodenum. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001659

 

Biliary Tract Diseases

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; BILIARY ATRESIA is also available; biliary empyema = EMPYEMA (IM) + BILIARY TRACT DISEASES (IM) or if of gallbladder, EMPYEMA, GALLBLADDER see CHOLECYSTITIS; inflamm dis = CHOLECYSTITIS or CHOLANGITIS; calculi= CHOLELITHIASIS

UI = D001660

 

Biliary Tract Neoplasms

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D001661

 

Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures

AN = GEN only: prefer specific organ with /surg or specific biliary surg technique; do not use /util except by MeSH definition.

MS = Any surgical procedure performed on the biliary tract.

UI = D001662

 

Bilirubin

AN = a bile pigment; /biosyn /physiol permitted; BILIRUBIN ENCEPHALOPATHY see KERNICTERUS is available

MS = A bile pigment, a breakdown product of HEME mainly formed from the degradation of erythrocyte hemoglobin in reticuloendothelial cells, but also formed by breakdown of other heme pigments, e.g., cytochromes. It normally circulates in plasma as a complex with albumin, and is taken up by the liver cells and conjugated to form bilirubin diglucuronide. High concentrations of bilirubin may result in jaundice. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001663

 

Biliverdine

AN = a bile pigment in amphibia & birds but not in normal human bile; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = 1,3,6,7-Tetramethyl-4,5-dicarboxyethyl-2,8-divinylbilenone. Biosynthesized from hemoglobin as a precursor of bilirubin. Occurs in the bile of amphibia and of birds, but not in normal human bile or serum.

UI = D001664

 

Biliopancreatic Diversion

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = A surgical procedure which diverts pancreatobiliary secretions via the duodenum and the jejunum into the colon, the remaining small intestine being anastomosed to the stomach after antrectomy. The procedure produces less diarrhea than does jejunoileal bypass.

UI = D015904

 

 

Binding Sites

AN = NIM; note category; restrict to site of binding: do not use as substitute for chem or metab mechanism of binding; do not coord with RECEPTORS terms unless the site of binding is particularly discussed

MS = The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

UI = D001665

 

Binding Sites, Antibody

MS = Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens. They are formed from parts of the variable regions of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin.

UI = D001666

 

Binding, Competitive

UI = D001667

 

Binomial Distribution

AN = IM GEN only, coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

MS = The probability distribution associated with two mutually exclusive outcomes; used to model cumulative incidence rates and prevalence rates. The Bernoulli distribution is a special case of binomial distribution.

UI = D016010

 

Biobibliography

AN = IM for biobibliog as a subject; for biobibliog of a biographee coord NIM + BIOBIBLIOGRAPHY (PT); no qualif; DF: BIOBIBLIOG or BIOBIBLIOGR CATALOG: /geog /lang

MS = Works giving biographical information as well as lists of the writings of those persons.

UI = D001668

 

Biobibliography [Publication Type]

MS = Works giving biographical information as well as lists of the writings of those persons.

UI = D020467

 

Biochemical Phenomena

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA is also available; DF: BIOCHEM PHENOMENA

MS = Biochemical functions, activities, and processes at organic and molecular levels in humans, animals, microorganisms, and plants.

UI = D001669

 

Biochemical Phenomena, Metabolism, and Nutrition

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

UI = D001670

 

Biochemistry

AN = SPEC only: do not use as NIM coord for chemistry of biol matter

UI = D001671

 

Biocompatible Materials

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = Any substance (other than a drug), synthetic or natural, that can be used as a system or part of a system that treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body. (Dorland, 28th ed, p199)

UI = D001672

 

Biodegradation

AN = NIM when specific substance is IM; do not confuse with BIOTRANSFORMATION: see note there

MS = The series of processes by which living organisms degrade pollutant chemicals, organic wastes, pesticides, and implantable materials.

UI = D001673

 

Bioelectric Energy Sources

AN = includes biofuels, ionic concentration cells, biogalvanic cells, etc.

MS = Implantable devices which convert biological energy (chemical energy of the metabolism of continuously regenerating body fluids or mechanical energy of periodic movements) to electrical energy. The sources include biogalvanic cells, biofuel cells, and ionic concentration cells.

UI = D001674

 

Bioethics

MS = A branch of applied ethics which studies the value implications of practices and developments in the life sciences.

UI = D001675

 

Biofeedback (Psychology)

AN = differentiate from FEEDBACK as a physiol concept (G) & as an information concept (L); DF: BIOFEEDBACK

MS = A process that uses instrumentation to give a person immediate and continuing signals of change in his bodily function of which he is usually unaware.

UI = D001676

 

Biofilms

AN = films of multilayers of bacteria or other micro-organism on polymers, usually implanted med devices; bacteria-named biofilms: coord IM with specific bacterium (IM) with no qualif, as Pseudomonas biofilm = PSEUDOMONAS (IM) + BIOFILMS (IM); biofilm formation, production, generation, deposition: coord BIOFILMS /growth (IM) + specific micro-organism /physiol (IM); occurrence of biofilms on prostheses or other devices: coord IM with specific device (IM); infection of prostheses by biofilms: coord BIOFILMS (IM) with specific prosthesis (IM) + PROSTHESIS-RELATED INFECTIONS (IM) + specific infection (IM)

MS = Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics.

UI = D018441

 

Bioflavonoids

AN = note X ref

UI = D001677

 

Biogenesis

AN = no qualif; do not confuse with EVOLUTION, the development of changed forms through natural selection & mutation

MS = The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is EVOLUTION.

UI = D001678

 

Biogenic Amines

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specific biogenic amine group term or specific biogenic amine indented under each

MS = A group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology.

UI = D001679

 

Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: BIOGENIC AMINE NEUROTRANSM

MS = Biogenic amines released by neurons as intercellular messengers. The biogenic amines norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine, and serotonin are neurotransmitters in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

UI = D018379

 

Biogenic Monoamines

AN = GEN: prefer specifics

MS = Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids.

UI = D015306

 

Biogenic Polyamines

AN = GEN: prefer specifics

MS = Biogenic amines having more than one amine group. These are long-chain aliphatic compounds that contain multiple amino and/or imino groups. Because of the linear arrangement of positive charge on these molecules, polyamines bind electrostatically to ribosomes, DNA, and RNA.

UI = D015317

 

Biography

AN = biog as a subject, not for biogs of persons: Manual 32.10; do not confuse with Publication Type BIOGRAPHY (Manual 17.13+ & 17.21+); IM; no qualif; memoirs as a subject go here or under AUTOBIOGRAPHY if pertinent; DF: BIOG or BIOGR CATALOG: /geog /form; form qualif /biography & double forms are available

MS = A written account of a person's life and the branch of literature concerned with the lives of people. (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)

UI = D001680

 

Biography [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for living or dead biographees, now combining former citation & publication types HISTORICAL BIOGRAPHY & CURRENT BIOG-OBIT (Manual 32.16+, 32.17+); do not confuse with catalogers' form subhead /biography; obituaries go here; for biog as a subject, index under main heading BIOGRAPHY; check appropriate hist tags; add also HISTORICAL ARTICLE [PUBLICATION TYPE]

MS = An account of the events, works, and achievements, personal and professional, during a person's life. It includes articles on the activities and accomplishments of living persons as well as the presentation of an obituary.

UI = D019215

 

Biolistics

AN = DNA delivery directly into organelles at high speed: from "biological ballistic"

MS = Techniques where DNA is delivered directly into organelles at high speed using projectiles coated with nucleic acid, shot from a helium-powered gun (gene gun). One of these techniques involves immunization by DNA VACCINES, which delivers DNA-coated gold beads to the epidermis.

UI = D019470

 

Biological Assay

AN = assays using living-matter intermediate; check text: not all "bioassays" are MeSH term BIOLOGICAL ASSAY; Manual 22.27; DF: BIOL ASSAY

MS = A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.

UI = D001681

 

Biological Availability

AN = NIM with specific drug /pharmacokin (IM); no qualif; DF: BIOL AVAILABILITY

MS = The extent to which the active ingredient of a drug dosage form becomes available at the site of drug action or in a biological medium believed to reflect accessibility to a site of action.

UI = D001682

 

Biological Clocks

AN = IM; DF: BIOL CLOCKS

MS = The physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and behavioral phenomena in plants and animals.

UI = D001683

 

Biological Dressings

AN = "human or animal tissue used as temporary wound covering"; do not specify source unless especially discussed & do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HETEROLOGOUS; note X refs below; DF: BIOL DRESSINGS

MS = Human or animal tissue used as temporary wound coverings.

UI = D001684

 

Biological Factors

AN = "cpds made by living organisms": differentiate from BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS which are manufactured & usually used in ther; DF: BIOL FACTORS

MS = Compounds made by living organisms. They have biological or physiological activities.

UI = D001685

 

 

Biological Markers

AN = usually NIM; IM GEN only; coord with specific substance (IM) if pertinent; markers in genetics = probably GENETIC MARKERS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL is also available; DF: BIOL MARKERS

MS = Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

UI = D015415

 

Biological Phenomena

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; BIOCHEMICAL PHENOMENA is also available

MS = Biological functions and activities at the organic and molecular levels in humans, animals, microorganisms, and plants. For biochemical and metabolic processes, BIOCHEMICAL PHENOMENA is available.

UI = D001686

 

Biological Phenomena, Cell Phenomena, and Immunity

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

UI = D001687

 

Biological Products

AN = manufactured products: differentiate from BIOLOGICAL FACTORS, natural substances; includes sera, vaccines, antitoxins, tissue & hormonal prep; /ther use of sera, vaccines & antitoxins: coord with disease /ther, not /drug ther; /ther use of tissue & hormonal prep: coord with disease /ther, not /drug ther; DF: BIOL PRODUCTS

MS = Complex pharmaceutical substances, preparations, or agents of organic origin, usually obtained by biological methods or assay, that depend for their action on the processes affecting immunity. They are used especially in diagnosis and treatment of disease (as vaccines or pollen extracts). Biological products are differentiated from BIOLOGICAL FACTORS in that the latter are compounds with biological or physiological activity made by living organisms. (From Webster's 3d ed)

UI = D001688

 

Biological Psychiatry

AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; DF: BIOL PSYCHIATRY

MS = An interdisciplinary science concerned with studies of the biological bases of behavior - biochemical, genetic, physiological, and neurological - and applying these to the understanding and treatment of mental illness.

UI = D001689

 

Biological Response Modifiers

AN = biol or synthetic; coord IM with organ/dis /ther (IM), not /drug ther, + specific chemical /ther use (IM); DF: BIOL RESPONSE MODIFIERS

MS = Biological or synthetic agents that are capable of eliciting specific and/or non-specific effects on immune responsiveness, thereby ultimately leading to an improvement in overall health of the patient. These agents can be further subcategorized into those that facilitate a normal immune response, those that stimulate the immune response, those that are capable of inducing noncytotoxic immunosuppression, and those that increase the ability of the host to tolerate damage by the cytotoxic modalities of the treatment.

UI = D015545

 

Biological Sciences

AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; do not confuse with BIOLOGY; DF: BIOL SCIENCES

MS = All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from BIOLOGY, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms.

UI = D001690

 

Biological Specimen Banks

AN = human or animal material; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) goes here; DF: BIOL SPECIMEN BANKS

MS = Centers for collecting, storing, and distributing human or other animal material or tissues for future use by other individuals, as BLOOD BANKS, bone banks, EYE BANKS, MILK BANKS, skin banks, SPERM BANKS, and TISSUE BANKS. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018070

 

Biological Therapy

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: BIOL THER

MS = Treatment of disease by the administration of substances which produce a biological reaction in the organism. It includes the use of sera, antitoxins, vaccines, cells, tissues, and organs. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001691

 

Biological Transport

AN = almost never IM; coord NIM with endogenous substance /metab (IM) or exogenous substance /pharmacokin (IM); DF: BIOL TRANSPORT

MS = The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive DIFFUSION.

UI = D001692

 

Biological Transport, Active

AN = almost never IM; coord with endogenous substance /metab (IM) or exogenous substance /pharmacokin (IM); DF: BIOL TRANSPORT ACTIVE

MS = The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

UI = D001693

 

Biological Warfare

AN = DF: BIOL WARFARE

MS = Warfare involving the use of living organisms as disease etiologic agents against men, animals, or plants.

UI = D001694

 

Biology

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; do not confuse with BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES which includes all the life sciences; DF: BIOL

MS = One of the biological sciences concerned with the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of animals, plants, and microorganisms.

UI = D001695

 

Biomass

AN = any living micro- or macro-organism; no qualif

MS = Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.

UI = D018533

 

Biomechanics

AN = NIM; any principle of mechanics in human or animal physiology

MS = The application of mechanical laws to living structures. Kinematics is that phase of mechanics which deals with possible motions of a material body. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001696

 

Biomedical and Dental Materials

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals

MS = Substances used in biomedicine or dentistry predominantly for their physical, as opposed to chemical, properties.

UI = D001697

 

Biomedical Engineering

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: BIOMED ENGINEERING

MS = Application of principles and practices of engineering science to biomedical research and health care.

UI = D001698

 

Biometry

AN = NIM

MS = The science of the application of statistics in biology, medicine, and agriculture. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001699

 

Biomphalaria

AN = freshwater snail; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = A genus of planorbid freshwater snails, species of which are intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni.

UI = D001700

 

Bionics

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; no qualif when NIM coord

MS = The study of systems, particularly electronic systems, which function after the manner of, in a manner characteristic of, or resembling living systems. Also, the science of applying biological techniques and principles to the design of electronic systems.

UI = D001701

 

Biopharmaceutics

AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; IM general only; NIM with no qualif, with specific drug /pharmacokin (IM); DF: BIOPHARM

MS = The study of the physical and chemical properties of a drug and its dosage form as related to the onset, duration, and intensity of its action.

UI = D001702

 

Biophysics

AN = principles of physics applied to human or animal biology; SPEC qualif as IM; no qualif when NIM coord; Manual 29.11

UI = D001703

 

Biopolymers

AN = almost never IM unless GEN only

MS = Polymers formed in a living organism, as a polypeptide forms from amino acids (monomers). (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001704

 

Bioprosthesis

AN = IM; coord IM with specific prosth term (IM), as BIOPROSTHESIS + HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS; do not specify source of biol material unless especially discussed & do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HETEROLOGOUS; note X refs below

MS = Prosthesis, usually heart valve, composed of biological material and whose durability depends upon the stability of the material after pretreatment, rather than regeneration by host cell ingrowth. Durability is achieved 1) mechanically by the interposition of a cloth, usually polytetrafluoroethylene, between the host and the graft, and 2) chemically by stabilization of the tissue by intermolecular linking, usually with glutaraldehyde, after removal of antigenic components, or the use of reconstituted and restructured biopolymers.

UI = D001705

 

Biopsy

AN = IM general only; NIM with specific organ /pathol (IM) + dis /pathol (IM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.

UI = D001706

 

Biopsy, Needle

AN = NIM with specific organ /pathol (IM) + dis /pathol (IM);

MS = Removal and examination of tissue obtained through a transdermal needle inserted into the specific region, organ, or tissue being analyzed.

UI = D001707

 

Biopterin

AN = a coenzyme & growth substance for some insects; /defic /physiol permitted

MS = A natural product that has been considered as a growth factor for some insects.

UI = D001708

 

Bioreactors

AN = for generating products from biol systems

MS = Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen.

UI = D019149

 

Biosensing Techniques

MS = Any of a variety of procedures which use biomolecular probes to measure the presence or concentration of biological molecules, biological structures, microorganisms, etc., by translating a biochemical interaction at the probe surface into a quantifiable physical signal.

UI = D015374

 

Biotechnology

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: BIOTECHNOL

MS = Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction.

UI = D001709

 

Biotin

AN = a coenzyme & B vitamin; note X ref; /ther use: coord disease with /drug ther, not /diet ther

MS = Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue.

UI = D001710

 

 

Biotinylation

MS = A technique whereby biotinyl groups are incorporated into molecules, either that catalyzed by holocarboxylase synthetase during enzyme biosynthesis or that undertaken in vitro to visualize specific substrates by incubating them with biotin-labeled probes and AVIDIN or STREPTAVIDIN that has been linked to any of a variety of substances amenable to biochemical assay. Biotinylated dUTP is an alternative method to radioactive DNA labelling in vitro. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019921

 

Biotransformation

AN = restrict to chem changes of exogenous substances; IM general only; NIM with specific drug /pharmacokin (IM); do not confuse with BIODEGRADATION: reduction of "pollutant chemicals, organic wastes, pesticides & implantable materials"; note X ref; "inactivating biotransformation" = METABOLIC DETOXICATION, DRUG

MS = The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either non-synthetic (OXIDATION-REDUCTION, HYDROLYSIS) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, ACETYLATION, METHYLATION). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance.

UI = D001711

 

Biperiden

AN = an antiparkinson agent

MS = A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.

UI = D001712

 

Biphenyl Compounds

AN = DF: BIPHENYL CPDS

UI = D001713

 

Bipolar Disorder

MS = A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.

UI = D001714

 

Bird Diseases

AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM) or specific bird dis (IM); coord IM with specific bird (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under BIRDS /abnorm or BIRDS /inj; don't forget also BIRDS (NIM) if no specific bird is indexed; also check tag ANIMAL; differentiate from POULTRY DISEASES on basis of distinction between BIRDS & POULTRY shown under BIRDS; DF: BIRD DIS

MS = Diseases of birds not considered poultry, therefore usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild. The concept is differentiated from POULTRY DISEASES which is for birds raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption, and usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc.

UI = D001715

 

Bird Fancier's Lung

AN = resp hypersensitivity to dust of bird droppings

MS = A respiratory disorder due to an acquired hypersensitivity to the dust of bird droppings.

UI = D001716

 

Birds

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; qualif permitted; differentiate from POULTRY: "birds" in barnyard, hatchery, butcher shop = POULTRY, "birds" in zoos, parks, forests, pet shops = BIRDS

UI = D001717

 

Birefringence

AN = a principle of optics; NIM; no qualif

MS = The property of nonisotropic media, such as crystals, whereby a single incident beam of light traverses the medium as two beams, each plane-polarized, the planes being at right angles to each other. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

UI = D001718

 

Birnaviridae

AN = a family of RNA viruses; from BIsegmental RNA viruses; infection = BIRNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

MS = A family of bisegmented, double-stranded RNA viruses causing infection in fish, mollusks, fowl, and Drosophila. There are three genera: AQUABIRNAVIRUS, AVIBIRNAVIRUS, and ENTOMOBIRNAVIRUS. Horizontal and vertical transmission occurs for all viruses.

UI = D018059

 

Birnaviridae Infections

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Virus diseases caused by the BIRNAVIRIDAE.

UI = D018175

 

Birth Certificates

AN = IM

MS = Official certifications by a physician recording the individual's birth date, place of birth, parentage and other required identifying data which are filed with the local registrar of vital statistics.

UI = D001719

 

Birth Injuries

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: BIRTH INJ CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.

UI = D001720

 

Birth Intervals

AN = no qualif; may be used in physiol or family planning context

MS = Interval between onset of sexual relations by a woman and the birth of her first child and intervals between successive births. This includes use of family planning to control birth intervals.

UI = D001721

 

Birth Order

AN = IM

MS = The sequence in which children are born into the family.

UI = D001722

 

Birth Rate

AN = /ethnol permitted; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The number of births in a given population per year or other unit of time.

UI = D001723

 

Birth Weight

AN = IM

UI = D001724

 

Birthing Centers

AN = note X ref BIRTHING CENTERS, FREE-STANDING: do not confuse with BIRTHING CENTERS, HOSPITAL see DELIVERY ROOMS; check also tags PREGNANCY & INFANT, NEWBORN

MS = Free-standing facilities that provide prenatal, childbirth, and postnatal care and usually incorporate family-centered maternity care concepts and practices.

UI = D016550

 

Bis(Chloromethyl) Ether

AN = a carcinogen

MS = sym-Dlchloromethyl ether. A substance that is an irritant to the eyes and respiratory tract and may be carcinogenic.

UI = D001725

 

Bisacodyl

AN = a cathartic

MS = A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of constipation and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)

UI = D001726

 

Bisexuality

AN = note category: do not confuse with HERMAPHRODITISM, an endocrine dis

MS = Sexual attraction or relationship between members of the same and opposite sex.

UI = D001727

 

Bison

AN = do not confuse with BUFFALOES but note X ref; IM; qualif permitted

MS = A genus of the family Bovidae having two species: B. bison and B. bonasus. This concept is differentiated from BUFFALOES, which refers to Bubalus arnee and Syncerus caffer.

UI = D016164

 

Bisoprolol

AN = an antihypertensive & anti-angina agent

MS = 1-(4-((2-(1-Methylethoxy)ethoxy)methyl)phenoxy)-3-((1-methylethyl)amino)-2-propanol. A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.

UI = D017298

 

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate

AN = a composite resin; DF: note short X refs

MS = The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.

UI = D017438

 

Dicumarol

AN = an oral anticoagulant

MS = An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.

UI = D001728

 

Bismuth

AN = Bi-209; Bi-199-208, 210-215 = BISMUTH (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

MS = Bismuth. A silver-white metal, atomic number 83, atomic weight 208.980, symbol Bi. Its salts have been used in inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and in the treatment of syphilis. Since the introduction of antibiotics, use of bismuth therapeutically has declined. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001729

 

Bisphosphoglycerate Mutase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from C-3 of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to C-2 of 3-phosphoglycerate, forming 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. EC 5.4.2.4.

UI = D001731

 

Bite Force

AN = note category; no qualif

MS = The force applied by the masticatory muscles in dental occlusion.

UI = D001732

 

Bites and Stings

AN = snake bites = SNAKE BITES; spider bites = ARACHNIDISM; tick bites = TICKS (IM) + BITES AND STINGS (IM) (not TICK TOXICOSES unless paralysis or toxicosis results); coord IM with biter (IM); INSECT BITES AND STINGS is also available; DF: BITES

UI = D001733

 

Bites, Human

AN = the human is biting, not being bitten; don't forget to check tag HUMAN

MS = Bites inflicted by humans.

UI = D001734

 

Bithionol

AN = an anthelmintic

MS = 2,2'-Thiobis(4,6-dichlorophenol). Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.

UI = D001735

 

Biureas

UI = D001736

 

Biuret

AN = a feed additive; D25-26 qualif

MS = Imidodicarbonic diamide. Used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. In strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate.

UI = D001737

 

Biuret Reaction

AN = do not confuse with BIURET: biuret reaction or method no longer uses BIURET as signif reagent

MS = A reaction characterized by a violet color upon the addition of copper sulfate to all compounds with two amide or peptide bonds linked directly or through an intermediate carbon atom. Used in the detection and estimation of proteins and peptides having more than two amino acids.

UI = D001738

 

Black Widow Spider

AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; bite: coord IM with ARACHNIDISM (IM)

MS = A venomous New World spider with an hourglass-shaped red mark on the abdomen.

UI = D001740

 

Blacks

AN = blacks as cultural, social, sociol, polit, psychol entity; /genetics = NEGROID RACE /genet; differentiate from NEGROID RACE as genetic & physiol entity; IM; specify geog if pertinent; Manual 30.6.4, 30.6.6, 30.6.7 CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = An ethnic group belonging to the Negroid race.

UI = D001741

 

Blackwater Fever

AN = a compl of falciparum malaria

MS = A complication of MALARIA, FALCIPARUM characterized by the passage of dark red to black urine.

UI = D001742

 

Bladder

AN = inflammation = CYSTITIS

UI = D001743

 

Bladder Calculi

AN = chem composition of calculi: use /chem; /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Calculi of the urinary bladder; also known as vesical calculi, bladder stones or gravel, and cystoliths. Vesicoprostatic calculi are prostatic calculi extending into the bladder.

UI = D001744

 

Bladder Diseases

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; inflamm dis = CYSTITIS

UI = D001745

 

Bladder Exstrophy

AN = a bladder abnorm; note spelling: not ext- ; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital eversion of the urinary bladder. It is characterized by the absence of a portion of the lower abdominal wall and the anterior vesical wall, with eversion of the posterior vesical wall through the deficit.

UI = D001746

 

Bladder Fistula

AN = abnorm passage in bladder or between bladder & another organ; fistula policy: Manual 23.19+; VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA is available

MS = An abnormal passage in the bladder or between the bladder and another organ.

UI = D001747

 

Bladder Neck Obstruction

UI = D001748

 

Bladder Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = Cancers or tumors of the bladder. The majority of bladder neoplasms are of the transitional cell variety and are usually papillary and multicentric.

UI = D001749

 

Bladder, Neurogenic

AN = bladder dysfunction of CNS or periph nerv system origin

MS = Any condition of dysfunction of the urinary bladder caused by a lesion of the central or peripheral nervous system. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001750

 

Blade Implantation

AN = an endosseous dent implant; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Insertion of an endosseous implant with a narrow wedge-shaped infrastructure extending through the oral mucosa into the mouth and bearing openings or vents through which tissue grows to obtain retention.

UI = D001751

 

Blast Crisis

AN = note category; IM; coord with specific neopl term /pathol (IM); do not confuse with BLAST TRANSFORMATION see LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION

MS = Rapid increase in the proportion of blast cells in the blood and bone marrow.

UI = D001752

 

Blast Injuries

AN = various body inj from waves of high-pressure velocity; /compl permitted but do not confuse with /pathol

MS = Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nevous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001753

 

Blastocladiella

MS = A genus of aquatic fungi of the family Blastocladiaceae, order Blastocladiales, used in the study of zoospore formation.

UI = D001754

 

Blastocyst

AN = A 11 qualif; /transpl: coord BLASTOCYST (NIM with no qualif) + EMBRYO TRANSFER (IM); do not confuse with BLASTOCYTES see BLASTOMERES

MS = The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc.

UI = D001755

 

Blastocystina

AN = a suborder of protozoa

MS = A suborder of protozoa of the class LOBOSEA.

UI = D016843

 

Blastocystis

AN = do not confuse with BLASTOCYST (Cat A); infection = BLASTOCYSTIS INFECTIONS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A genus of protozoa of the suborder BLASTOCYSTINA. It was first classified as a yeast but further studies have shown it to be a protozoan.

UI = D016844

 

Blastocystis hominis

AN = infection: coord IM with BLASTOCYSTIS INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A species of parasitic protozoa found in the intestines of humans and other primates. It was classified as a yeast in 1912. Over the years, questions arose about this designation. In 1967, many physiological and morphological B. hominis characteristics were reported that fit a protozoan classification. Since that time, other papers have corroborated this work and the organism is now recognized as a protozoan parasite of humans causing intestinal disease with potentially disabling symptoms.

UI = D016845

 

Blastocystis Infections

AN = a type of AMEBIASIS

MS = Infections with protozoa of the genus BLASTOCYSTIS. The species B. hominis is responsible for most infections. Surveys have generally found small numbers of this species in human stools submitted for parasitologic studies, with higher positivity rates and organism numbers being reported in AIDS patients and patients with other immunosuppressive diseases. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, and fatigue.

UI = D016776

 

 

 

 

Blastoderm

AN = A 11 qualif

MS = A single layer of cells produced by cleavage of the fertilized ovum and forming the outer cells of the blastula.

UI = D001756

 

Blastomeres

AN = A 11 qualif; do not confuse X ref BLASTOCYTES with BLASTOCYST

MS = The undifferentiated cells formed by cleavage of the fertilized ovum. This includes cells in the cleavage, morula, and blastula stages of the embryo.

UI = D001757

 

Blastomyces

AN = infection = BLASTOMYCOSIS; BLASTOMYCES BRASILIENSIS see PARACOCCIDIOIDES is available

MS = A genus of onygenacetous mitosporic fungi whose perfect state is Ajellomyces (see ONYGENALES). The species Blastomyces dermatitidis (perfect state Ajellomyces dermatitidis) causes blastomycosis.

UI = D001758

 

Blastomycosis

AN = fungus dis; do not confuse X ref BLASTOMYCOSIS, NORTH AMERICAN with BLASTOMYCOSIS, SOUTH AMERICAN see PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

MS = A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.

UI = D001759

 

Blattellidae

MS = A family of insects, in the order Dictyoptera (COCKROACHES), including genera Blattella, Parcoblatta, and Symploce.

UI = D020048

 

Bleeding Time

AN = NIM

MS = Duration of blood flow after skin puncture. This test is used as a measure of capillary and platelet function.

UI = D001760

 

Bleomycin

AN = a glycopeptide antineoplastic antibiotic

MS = A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors.

UI = D001761

 

Blepharitis

AN = inflamm of eyelid

MS = Inflammation of the eyelids.

UI = D001762

 

Blepharophimosis

AN = eyelid abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = The abnormal narrowness of the palpebral fissure in the horizontal direction caused by the lateral displacement of the medial canthi of the eyelids. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D016569

 

Blepharoplasty

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Plastic surgery of the eyelid. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

UI = D019882

 

Blepharoptosis

AN = drooping eyelid

MS = Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.

UI = D001763

 

Blepharospasm

AN = spasm of eyelid musc

MS = Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.

UI = D001764

 

Blind Loop Syndrome

AN = blind loop refers to "segment of small intestine excluded from normal peristaltic movement"; a malabsorption syndrome

MS = Malabsorption, especially of vitamin B12 or folic acid, due to metabolic competition by bacteria proliferating in a segment of small intestine excluded from normal peristaltic movement; it may occur as a postoperative complication of side-to-side anastomosis of intestine, as a result of intestinal diverticula, fistula, etc.

UI = D001765

 

Blindness

AN = for Braille coord IM with SENSORY AIDS (IM) + READING (IM)

MS = The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of disorders in the organs of sight or of damage or injury to certain areas of the brain.

UI = D001766

 

Blindness, Cortical

AN = caused by lesion of the striate (visual) cortex

MS = Total loss of vision in all or part of the visual field due to a lesion in the striate area, characterized by the patient's subjective unawareness of his disability and the absence of cortical functions of vision, with the subcortical functions intact. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

UI = D019575

 

Blinking

AN = voluntary & involuntary blinking; winking goes here

MS = Brief closing of the eyelids by involuntary normal periodic closing, as a protective measure, or by voluntary action.

UI = D001767

 

Blister

AN = "fever blister" = HERPES LABIALIS

MS = Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis.

UI = D001768

 

Blood

AN = GEN only as a substance: TN 24: BLOOD as IM; prefer /blood with higher animals, substances & diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.10; not for hemodynamics: Manual 23.28, 23.29; when IM, qualif permitted; reinfusion = BLOOD TRANSFUSION, AUTOLOGOUS; venous blood: probably not indexed as being the usual sampling method but if significant coord BLOOD (NIM) + VEINS or specific vein (NIM); arterial blood: index only if significant & coord BLOOD (NIM) + ARTERIES or specific artery (NIM); "blood picture" = probably BLOOD CELLS or BLOOD CELL COUNT: TN 27; hemospermia: index under SEMEN (IM) + BLOOD (IM); "blood clot": physiol clot or clotting = BLOOD COAGULATION, pathol clot or clotting = THROMBOSIS or EMBOLISM CATALOG: form qualif permitted

UI = D001769

 

Blood-Air Barrier

AN = coord IM with endogenous substance /metab (IM) or exogenous substance /pharmacokin (IM)

MS = The barrier between capillary blood and alveolar air comprising the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium with their adherent basement membranes and epithelial cell cytoplasm. Gaseous exchange occurs across this membrane.

UI = D015824

 

Blood-Aqueous Barrier

AN = coord IM with endogenous substance /metab (IM) or exogenous substance /pharmacokin (IM)

MS = The anatomical mechanism that prevents exchange of materials between the chambers of the eye and the blood. The tight junctions of the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary body, the junctions of the iris tissues, and iris blood vessels constitute the blood-aqueous barrier. Lipid-soluble substances such as oxygen and carbon dioxide penetrate the barrier at a high rate. Sodium, larger water-soluble ions, proteins, and other large and medium-sized molecules are restricted. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p77)

UI = D018916

 

Blood-Borne Pathogens

AN = IM; coord with specific pathogen (IM) if pertinent

MS = Infectious organisms in the blood, of which the predominant medical interest is their contamination of blood-soiled linens, towels, gowns, bandages, other items from individuals in risk categories, needles and other sharp objects, and medical and dental waste, all of which health workers are exposed to. This concept is differentiated from the clinical conditions of BACTEREMIA, VIREMIA, and FUNGEMIA where the organism is present in the blood of a patient as the result of a natural infectious process.

UI = D017848

 

Blood Bactericidal Activity

AN = restrict to bactericidal: not for viricidal (see note under VIRUS INHIBITORS) or fungicidal (probably fungus (IM) + BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY (IM); the natural bactericidal property of the blood: do not confuse with SERUM BACTERICIDAL TEST (after antibiotic ther)

MS = Native bactericidal property of blood due to normally occurring antibacterial substances such as beta lysin, leukin, etc.

UI = D001770

 

Blood Banks

MS = Centers for collecting, characterizing and storing human blood.

UI = D001771

 

Blood Cell Count

AN = NIM; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol; TN 27: BLOOD CELL COUNT as "blood picture"; leukocyte count = LEUKOCYTE COUNT; erythrocyte count = ERYTHROCYTE COUNT; eosinophil count = LEUKOCYTE COUNT + EOSINOPHILS; platelet count = PLATELET COUNT

MS = A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices.

UI = D001772

 

Blood Cells

AN = GEN; "blood picture" probably goes here or under BLOOD CELL COUNT; A 11 qualif

UI = D001773

 

Blood Chemical Analysis

AN = GEN only: prefer specific substance with /blood; emphasis is on technique: not for "blood chemistry"; when general & IM, qualif permitted; when not to use: Manual 25.14.3 & TN 25

UI = D001774

 

Blood Circulation

AN = general or unspecified, systemic; note specific indentions in tree; Manual 21.4.2-21.6; blood circ is a physiol, not hematol, concept: with diseases, coord IM with disease /physiopathol, not /blood (IM); circulatory failure or circulatory collapse = SHOCK; DF: BLOOD CIRC

UI = D001775

 

Blood Circulation Time

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; coord with disease /physiopathol, not /blood; DF: BLOOD CIRC TIME

MS = Determination of the shortest time interval between the injection of a substance in the vein and its arrival at some distant site in sufficient concentration to produce a recognizable end result. It represents approximately the inverse of the average velocity of blood flow between two points.

UI = D001776

 

Blood Coagulation

AN = /drug eff: consider also COAGULANTS & ANTICOAGULANTS; coord BLOOD COAGULATION in diseases with disease /blood, not /physiopathol; "blood clot" if physiol goes here, if pathol, goes under THROMBOSIS or EMBOLISM; DF: BLOOD COAG

MS = The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001777

 

Blood Coagulation Disorders

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; consider also COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS and indentions; see also THROMBOSIS, EMBOLISM and specifics in C14; DF: BLOOD COAG DIS

MS = Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors sych as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS, BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS, BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.

UI = D001778

 

Blood Coagulation Factor Inhibitors

AN = DF: BLOOD COAG FACTOR INHIB

MS = Substances, usually endogenous, that act as inhibitors of blood coagulation. They may affect one or multiple enzymes throughout the process. As a group, they also inhibit enzymes involved in processes other than blood coagulation, such as those from the complement system, fibrinolytic enzyme system, blood cells, and bacteria.

UI = D019774

 

Blood Coagulation Factors

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: BLOOD COAG FACTORS

MS = Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process.

UI = D001779

 

Blood Coagulation Tests

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; NIM; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol; DF: BLOOD COAG TESTS

MS = Laboratory tests for evaluating the individual's clotting mechanism.

UI = D001780

 

Blood Component Removal

AN = GEN or unspecified only; prefer specifics LEUKAPHERESIS, PLASMAPHERESIS, PLATELETPHERESIS; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; erythrocytapheresis, erythrapheresis: coord with ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION

MS = Any procedure in which blood is withdrawn from a donor, a portion is separated and retained and the remainder is returned to the donor.

UI = D001781

 

Blood Component Transfusion

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; for transfusion back to donor, coord IM with BLOOD TRANSFUSION, AUTOLOGOUS (NIM); do not confuse with BLOOD COMPONENT REMOVAL & its specifics where component is removed but remainder goes back to donor; read MeSH definitions; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = The transfer of blood components such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma from a donor to a recipient or back to the donor. This process differs from the procedures undertaken in PLASMAPHERESIS and types of CYTAPHERESIS (PLATELETPHERESIS and LEUKAPHERESIS) where, following the removal of plasma or the specific cell components, the remainder is transfused back to the donor.

UI = D016913

 

Blood Donors

AN = IM

UI = D001782

 

Blood Flow Velocity

AN = NIM; coord with disease /physiopathol, not /blood

MS = A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.

UI = D001783

 

Blood Gas Analysis

AN = for determ of oxygen & carbon dioxide in the blood; NIM; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol

MS = Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

UI = D001784

 

Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous

AN = NIM; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol; when IM, do not coord with OXYGEN /blood or CARBON DIOXIDE /blood; DF: TCPO2

MS = The noninvasive measurement or determination of the partial pressure (tension) of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide locally in the capillaries of a tissue by the application to the skin of a special set of electrodes. These electrodes contain photoelectric sensors capable of picking up the specific wavelengths of radiation emitted by oxygenated versus reduced hemoglobin.

UI = D001785

 

Blood Glucose

MS = Sugar in the blood, glucose, the form in which carbohydrate is carried in the blood, usually in a concentration of 70-100 mg per 100 ml. An abnormally diminished concentration of blood glucose is HYPOGLYCEMIA, an abnormally increased amount is HYPERGLYCEMIA. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1601)

UI = D001786

 

Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring

AN = NIM; coord with dis /blood, not /physiopathol; DF: BGSM

MS = Self evaluation of whole blood glucose levels outside the clinical laboratory. A digital or battery-operated reflectance meter may be used. It has wide application in controlling unstable insulin-dependent diabetes.

UI = D015190

 

Blood Group Incompatibility

AN = coord IM with specific blood group (IM)

MS = A mismatch between donor and recipient blood. Antibodies present in the recipient's serum are directed against antigens in the donor product. Such a mismatch may result in a transfusion reaction in which, for example, donor blood is hemolyzed. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

UI = D001787

 

Blood Grouping and Crossmatching

AN = DF: BLOOD GROUPING or short X ref

MS = Testing erythrocytes to determine presence or absence of blood-group antigens, testing of serum to determine the presence or absence of antibodies to these antigens, and selecting biocompatible blood by crossmatching samples from the donor against samples from the recipient. Crossmatching is performed prior to transfusion.

UI = D001788

 

Blood Groups

AN = human or animal; blood group of animal: coord animal /blood (not /immunol) (IM) + BLOOD GROUPS (IM); blood group in a disease: coord BLOOD GROUPS or specific blood group (IM) + disease /blood (IM), not /immunol nor /genet; TN 230

MS = Erythrocytic allotypes (or phenotypes) defined by one or more cellular antigenic structural groupings under the control of allelic genes. Blood groups, especially for man, are identified by agglutinins supported by specific human or animal antisera and by lectins extracted from certain plants. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001789

 

Blood Loss, Surgical

AN = /prev: consider also HEMOSTASIS, SURGICAL; for vol of blood lost, coord IM with BLOOD VOLUME (NIM); DF: BLOOD LOSS SURG

MS = Loss of blood during surgery.

UI = D016063

 

Blood Patch, Epidural

AN = IM; for repair of epidural puncture

MS = The injection of autologous blood into the epidural space either as a prophylactic treatment immediately following an epidural puncture or for treatment of headache as a result of an epidural puncture.

UI = D017217

 

Blood Physiology

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: BLOOD PHYSIOL

MS = Observable characteristics of blood activities and functions, such as BLOOD GROUPS, coagulation processes, etc.

UI = D001790

 

Blood Platelet Disorders

AN = do not use as coord for platelet factor defic: use COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS

MS = Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.

UI = D001791

 

Blood Platelets

AN = A 11 qualif; decrease in no. of platelets = THROMBOCYTOPENIA, increase = THROMBOCYTOSIS; platelet factors & defic: TN 228

MS = Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.

UI = D001792

 

Blood Preservation

AN = preserv of whole blood or specific cellular elements (coord IM with specific cell (IM); cryopreservation of blood: coord IM with CRYOPRESERVATION (IM)

UI = D001793

 

Blood Pressure

AN = GEN; "arterial" pressure = BLOOD PRESSURE & not also ARTERIES unless a specific artery; pressure within a specific vessel: coord vessel /physiol (IM) + BLOOD PRESSURE (NIM); "venous" pressure = VENOUS PRESSURE or CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE; VENTRICULAR PRESSURE is also available; "systolic" pressure: do not index under SYSTOLE (NIM) unless particularly discussed; blood pressure is a physiol, not hematol, concept: with diseases, coord IM with disease /physiopathol, not /blood (IM): Manual 23.28; blood pressure vs HYPERTENSION & HYPOTENSION: Manual 23.27+

UI = D001794

 

Blood Pressure Determination

AN = NIM; see note on BLOOD PRESSURE

MS = Techniques for measuring blood pressure.

UI = D001795

 

Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Method in which prolonged blood pressure readings are made while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It allows quantitative analysis of the high blood pressure load over time, can help distinguish between types of hypertension, and can assess the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy.

UI = D018660

 

Blood Pressure Monitors

AN = measurement must be continuous; often in telemetric monitoring; do not use as a substitute for use of a sphygmomanometer for the usual blood pressure reading ( = BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION /instrum)

MS = Devices for continuously measuring and displaying the arterial blood pressure.

UI = D015924

 

Blood Protein Disorders

AN = GEN: avoid: prefer specifics

UI = D001796

 

Blood Protein Electrophoresis

AN = NIM; electrophoresis of hemoglobin goes here + HEMOGLOBINS /anal

MS = Electrophoresis applied to blood proteins.

UI = D001797

 

Blood Proteins

AN = GEN: avoid: prefer specifics; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted for this & all indentions; electrophoresis = BLOOD PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS; TN 224; TN 226: gammopathies; paraproteins: index PARAPROTEINS

MS = The hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including CARRIER PROTEINS (such as SERUM ALBUMIN, TRANSFERRIN, and HAPTOGLOBINS), FIBRINOGEN and other BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS, COMPLEMENT components, IMMUNOGLOBULINS, ENZYME INHIBITORS, precursors of substances such as the angiotensins and BRADYKININ, and many other types of proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001798

 

Blood Sedimentation

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol

MS = Measurement of rate of settling of erythrocytes in anticoagulated blood.

UI = D001799

 

Blood Specimen Collection

AN = includes "handling"

MS = The taking of a blood sample to determine its character as a whole, to identify levels of its component cells, chemicals, gases, or other constituents, to perform pathological examination, etc.

UI = D001800

 

Blood Stains

AN = no qualif

MS = Antigenic characteristics and DNA fingerprint patterns identified from blood stains. Their primary value is in criminal cases.

UI = D001801

 

Blood Substitutes

AN = carry O2 to & CO2 from tissue: see MeSH definition; do not confuse with PLASMA SUBSTITUTES which replace plasma; D25-26 qualif

MS = Substances that can carry oxygen to and carbon dioxide away from the tissues when introduced into the blood stream. They are used to replace hemoglobin in severe hemorrhage and also to perfuse isolated organs. The best known are perfluorocarbon emulsions and various hemoglobin solutions.

UI = D001802

 

Blood Transfusion

AN = TN 186: differentiate among various "transfusion" concepts; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; for whole blood or unspecified transfusion: note that BLOOD COMPONENT TRANSFUSION & BLOOD COMPONENT REMOVAL & its specifics are available

MS = The introduction of whole blood or blood component directly into the blood stream. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001803

 

Blood Transfusion, Autologous

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: BLOOD TRANSFUSION AUTOL

MS = Reinfusion of blood or blood products derived from the patient's own circulation. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001804

 

Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine

AN = to treat fetal erythroblastosis in utero; TN 186: differentiate among various "transfusion" concepts; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Transfusion of Rh-negative blood into the peritoneal cavity of an unborn infant in the treatment of fetal erythroblastosis (ERYTHROBLASTOSIS, FETAL) in utero. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001805

 

Blood Urea Nitrogen

AN = note category; no qualif; often correct for foreign "azotemia"; DF: note short X ref

MS = The urea concentration of the blood stated in terms of nitrogen content. Serum (plasma) urea nitrogen is approximately 12% higher than blood urea nitrogen concentration because of the greater protein content of red blood cells. Increases in blood or serum urea nitrogen are referred to as azotemia and may have prerenal, renal, or postrenal causes. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

UI = D001806

 

Blood Vessel Prosthesis

MS = Prosthesis, constructed of either synthetic or biological material, which is used for the repair of injured or diseased blood vessels.

UI = D001807

 

Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation

MS = Surgical insertion of synthetic or biological material to repair injured or diseased blood vessels.

UI = D019917

 

Blood Vessels

AN = GEN only: prefer specifics; prefer /blood supply with Cat A terms: Manual 21.4+; permeability = CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY; consider also VASOMOTOR SYSTEM & all related terms; inflammation = VASCULITIS or its specifics, ARTERITIS & PHLEBITIS; vascular compression syndromes: index under VASCULAR DISEASES (IM) + CONSTRICTION, PATHOLOGIC & coord with specific blood vessel if pertinent (IM)

MS = Any of the tubular vessels conveying the blood (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins).

UI = D001808

 

Blood Viscosity

AN = coord IM with disease /blood (IM), not /physiopathol

MS = The internal resistance of the blood to shear forces. The in vitro measure of whole blood viscosity is of limited clinical utility because it bears little relationship to the actual viscosity within the circulation, but an increase in the viscosity of circulating blood can contribute to morbidity in patients suffering from disorders such as sickle cell anemia and polycythemia.

UI = D001809

 

Blood Volume

AN = PLASMA VOLUME, ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME & ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME, PACKED are also available; coord IM with disease /physiopathol (IM), not /blood

MS = Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume.

UI = D001810

 

Blood Volume Determination

AN = NIM; coord with disease /physiopathol, not /blood

MS = Method for determining the circulating blood volume by introducing a known quantity of foreign substance into the blood and determining its concentration some minutes later when thorough mixing has occurred. From these two values the blood volume can be calculated by dividing the quantity of injected material by its concentration in the blood at the time of uniform mixing. Generally expressed as cubic centimeters or liters per kilogram of body weight.

UI = D001811

 

Blood-Brain Barrier

AN = coord IM with endogenous substance /metab (IM) or exogenous substance /pharmacokin (IM)

MS = Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue.

UI = D001812

 

Blood-Retinal Barrier

AN = coord IM with endogenous substance /metab (IM) or exogenous substance /pharmacokin (IM)

MS = Specialized nonfenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the retinal capillaries and the retinal tissue.

UI = D001813

 

Blood-Testis Barrier

AN = coord IM with endogenous substance /metab (IM) or exogenous substance /pharmacokin (IM)

MS = Specialized nonfenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the testis capillaries and seminiferous epithelium.

UI = D001814

 

Bloodletting

AN = restrict to hist articles or hist contexts: modern counterpart is PHLEBOTOMY

MS = Puncture of a vein for the drawing of blood for diagnosis or therapy. It has been known as a therapeutic procedure since the medicine of the Talmud where it was often mentioned and it was frequently prescribed in Indian medicine. Bloodletting was commonly used in medieval and Renaissance medicine and still practiced widely in the 18th and 19th centuries. Its modern counterpart is PHLEBOTOMY. (From Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2d ed)

UI = D001815

 

Bloom Syndrome

AN = a syndrome of multiple abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by telangiectatic erythema of the face, photosensitivity, dwarfism, and other abnormalities.

UI = D001816

 

Blotting, Northern

AN = detects RNA; NIM; "northern" is not capitalized in titles or translations; DF: NORTHERN BLOT

MS = Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane.

UI = D015152

 

Blotting, Southern

AN = detects DNA fragments; NIM; "Southern" (developed by E.M. Southern) is capitalized in titles & translations; DF: SOUTHERN BLOT

MS = A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane.

UI = D015139

 

Blotting, Western

AN = detects proteins or peptides; NIM; "western" is not capitalized in titles or translations; DF: WESTERN BLOT

MS = Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blotting and transferred to strips of nitrocellulose paper. The blots are then detected by radiolabeled antibody probes.

UI = D015153

 

Blue Cross

AN = for hosp & related costs: for physicians' costs see BLUE SHIELD; specify geog if possible CATALOG: use NAF entry

MS = A prepaid health insurance plan for hospital costs and related services. It usually excludes physicians' services (which are covered under BLUE SHIELD).

UI = D001817

 

Blue Shield

AN = for physicians' costs: for hosp & related costs use BLUE CROSS; specify geog if possible CATALOG: use NAF entry

MS = A prepaid health insurance plan for costs of physicians' services.

UI = D001818

 

Blue Toe Syndrome

AN = caused by recur cholesterol embolism of the toes; do not confuse with black toe disease ( = AINHUM)

MS = Atherothrombotic microembolism of the lower extremities due to recurrent cholesterol embolic 'showers' with painful cyanotic discoloration of the toes and embolism to other sites that completely resolve between attacks. Despite the gangrene-like appearance, blue toes may respond to conservative therapy without amputation. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

UI = D018438

 

 

Bluetongue

AN = caused by a reovirus; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL; don't forget also SHEEP (NIM) but do not index under SHEEP DISEASES

MS = A reovirus infection, chiefly of sheep, characterized by a swollen blue tongue, catarrhal inflammation of upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and often by inflammation of sensitive laminae of the feet and coronet.

UI = D001819

 

Bluetongue Virus

AN = a species of Orbivirus; infection = BLUETONGUE: see note there

MS = The type species of ORBIVIRUS causing a serious disease in sheep, especially lambs. It may also infect wild ruminants and other domestic animals.

UI = D001820

 

Blushing

AN = note category: do not confuse with FLUSHING (C23)

MS = Involuntary reddening, especially of the face, associated with feelings of embarrassment, confusion or shame.

UI = D001821

 

B-Lymphocyte Subsets

AN = A 11 qualif

MS = A classification of B-lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.

UI = D016175

 

B-Lymphocytes

AN = involved in antibody formation; do not confuse X ref B-CELLS with pancreatic B cells or beta cells (index under ISLANDS OF LANGERHANS); A 11 qualif; subpopulations = B-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS

MS = Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

UI = D001402

 

Bodily Secretions

AN = avoid: too general; prefer specific secretion or Cat A & D terms with /secret

MS = Endogenous substances produced through the activity of intact cells of glands, tissues, or organs. They do not include hormones or enzymes.

UI = D012634

 

 

Body Burden

AN = NIM; not restricted to radioactive substances: applicable to chemical, metal or radioactive substances; no qualif

MS = The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal.

UI = D001822

 

Body Composition

UI = D001823

 

Body Constitution

MS = The make-up of the body, determined by the genetic, biochemical, and physiologic endowment of the individual and modified in great measure by environmental factors. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001824

 

Bone Density

MS = The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography.

UI = D015519

 

Body Fluid Compartments

MS = The two phases between which water and other body fluids are distributed: extracellular and intracellular.

UI = D001825

 

Body Fluids

AN = interstitial fluid: index EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (see EXTRACELLULAR SPACE)

MS = Liquid components of living organisms.

UI = D001826

 

Body Height

AN = human only; for height or length of animals use animal /anat (IM) + BIOMETRY (NIM)

UI = D001827

 

Body Image

AN = no qualif

MS = A term for the concept which each individual has of his own body as an object in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects.

UI = D001828

 

Bone Marrow Purging

AN = coord IM with purging agent or method (IM with no qualif)

MS = Techniques for the removal of subpopulations of cells (usually residual tumor cells) from the bone marrow ex vivo before it is infused. The purging is achieved by a variety of agents including pharmacologic agents, biophysical agents (laser photoirradiation or radioisotopes) and immunologic agents. Bone marrow purging is used in both autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

UI = D016465

 

Bone Marrow Transplantation

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed; in treatment of dis, coord with dis /ther, not dis /surg; conditioning before transpl of bone marrow: coord IM with TRANSPLANTATION CONDITIONING (IM)

MS = The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another.

UI = D016026

 

 

Body Mass Index

AN = no qualif

MS = One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density.

UI = D015992

 

Body Regions

AN = not used for indexing

MS = Anatomical areas of the body.

UI = D001829

 

Bone Remodeling

AN = note category: an aspect of bone physiol

MS = The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.

UI = D016723

 

Body Surface Area

UI = D001830

 

Body Surface Potential Mapping

AN = an ECG & vectorcardiogr technique: do not confuse with BODY SURFACE AREA, an anthropometric method

MS = Recording of regional electrophysiological information by analysis of surface potentials to give a complete picture of the effects of the currents from the heart on the body surface. It has been applied to the diagnosis of old inferior myocardial infarction, localization of the bypass pathway in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, recognition of ventricular hypertrophy, estimation of the size of a myocardial infarct, and the effects of different interventions designed to reduce infarct size. The limiting factor at present is the complexity of the recording and analysis, which requires 100 or more electrodes, sophisticated instrumentation, and dedicated personnel. (Braunwald, Heart Disease, 4th ed)

UI = D018780

 

Body Temperature

UI = D001831

 

Body Temperature Changes

AN = not used for indexing

MS = Any deviation from normal body temperature of the human body, about 98.6 degrees F. or 37 degrees C. when taken orally. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001832

 

Body Temperature Regulation

AN = DF: BODY TEMPERATURE REG

UI = D001833

 

Bone Transplantation

AN = may refer to a whole bone or a segment of bone; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS or TRANSPLANTATION, HETEROTOPIC unless particularly discussed

MS = The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.

UI = D016025

 

Bones of Upper Extremity

AN = avoid: too general & nonspecific; prefer ARM or its specific areas or bones

MS = The bones of the upper and lower ARM. They include the CLAVICLE and SCAPULA.

UI = D001133

 

Body Patterning

AN = "the morphol expression of genetic control of body shape"

MS = The morphological expression of genetic control of body shape. Clusters of homeotic genes control the morphology of animal body plans and body parts. Different body patterns may evolve through changes in gene number, regulation, or function. Recent evidence suggests that homeotic gene clusters were duplicated early in vertebrate evolution, but that arthropod and tetrapod diversity has largely involved regulatory changes in expression. (From Nature 1995 Aug 10;376(6540):479-85)

UI = D019521

 

Body Water

AN = do not confuse with EXTRACELLULAR FLUID see EXTRACELLULAR SPACE

UI = D001834

 

Body Weight

UI = D001835

 

Body Weight Changes

AN = not used for indexing

UI = D001836

 

Body Weights and Measures

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with BODY WEIGHT; DF: BODY WEIGHTS MEASURES

MS = The systems of measurement applied to the height, weight, length, area, etc., of the human and animal body or its parts.

UI = D001837

 

Boidae

AN = a family of snakes; note X refs

MS = A family of snakes comprising the boas, anacondas, and pythons. They occupy a variety of habitats through the tropics and subtropics and are arboreal, aquatic or fossorial (burrowing). Some are oviparous, others ovoviviparous. Contrary to popular opinion, they do not crush the bones of their victims: their coils exert enough pressure to stop a prey's breathing, thus suffocating it. There are five subfamilies: Boinae, Bolyerinae, Erycinae, Pythoninae, and Tropidophiinae. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p315-320)

UI = D017821

 

Bolivia

UI = D001838

 

Bombesin

AN = an amphibian venom; a neurotransmitter

MS = A tetradecapeptide originally obtained from the skins of toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata. It is also an endogenous neurotransmitter in many animals including mammals. Bombesin affects vascular and other smooth muscle, gastric secretion, and renal circulation and function.

UI = D001839

 

Bonding, Dental (see Dental Bonding)

 

Bonding, Human-Pet

AN = no qualif; coord with specific animal pet (IM or NIM); check tags ANIMAL & HUMAN

MS = The emotional attachment of individuals to pets.

UI = D001841

 

Bone and Bones

AN = bone tissue goes here; /cytol: consider also OSTEOBLASTS, OSTEOCLASTS, OSTEOCYTES; /embryol: consider also OSTEOGENESIS; /growth = BONE DEVELOPMENT & consider also GROWTH PLATE; /surg: consider also OSTEOTOMY or ARTHRODESIS or FRACTURE FIXATION & its specifics; osteosynthesis not one of the preceding terms goes under BONE AND BONES /surg; /transpl = BONE TRANSPLANTATION: do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS or TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed; differentiate from SKELETON which is almost never used: restrict SKELETON to bone arrangement as a whole & not for "skeletal" in titles which usually means "bone", "bone tissue" or "osseous" ( = BONE AND BONES); "disappearing bone" = OSTEOLYSIS, ESSENTIAL; inflammation = OSTEITIS; necrosis = OSTEONECROSIS; "bone minerals" = BONE AND BONES (IM) + MINERALS (IM) or specific mineral (IM)

UI = D001842

 

Bone Banks

MS = Centers for acquiring, characterizing, and storing bones or bone tissue for future use.

UI = D018586

 

Bone Cements

AN = IM; coord with specific material if relevant (IM); D25-26 qualif

MS = Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste.

UI = D001843

 

Bone Conduction

AN = conduction of sound or vibration to the inner ear

MS = The conduction of sound to the inner ear through the bones of the skull. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001844

 

Bone Cysts

AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/diseases term (IM) (but not BONE DISEASES)

MS = Pathological bone spaces in the metaphyses of long bones of growing children. They are of disputed origin. Cysts may be either empty or filled with fluid and have a delicate connective tissue lining. (Dorland, 27th ed at cyst, solitary)

UI = D001845

 

Bone Cysts, Aneurysmal

AN = non-neoplastic; nothing to do with "aneurysm": see MeSH definition; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precord organ/diseases term (IM) (but not BONE DISEASES)

MS = Solitary lesions of bone that typically cause a bulging of the overlying cortex bearing some resemblance to the saccular protrusion of the aortic wall in aortic aneurysm, hence the name. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D017824

 

Bone Demineralization, Pathologic

AN = a metab bone dis; do not confuse with BONE DEMINERALIZATION TECHNIQUE, a histol technique: DF: BONE DEMINERALIZATION PATHOL

MS = Decrease, loss, or removal of the mineral constituents of bones. Temporary loss of bone mineral content is especially associated with space flight, weightlessness, and extended immobilization. OSTEOPOROSIS is permanent, includes reduction of total bone mass, and is associated with increased rate of fractures. CALCIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC is the process of bone remineralizing. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Nicogossian, Space Physiology and Medicine, 2d ed, pp327-33)

UI = D018488

 

Bone Demineralization Technique

AN = a histol technique; do not confuse with BONE DEMINERALIZATION, PATHOLOGIC, a metab bone dis

MS = Removal of mineral constituents or salts from bone or bone tissue. Demineralization is used as a method of studying bone strength and bone chemistry.

UI = D018775

 

Bone Development

AN = covers bone develop from fetus to adult: do not confuse with OSTEOGENESIS ( = histiogenesis & ossification) or OSSEOINTEGRATION ( = growth of bone tissue as it assimilates surg implanted devices)

MS = Gross development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes OSTEOGENESIS, which is restricted to formation and development of bone from the undifferentiated cells of the germ layers of the embryo. It does not include OSSEOINTEGRATION.

UI = D001846

 

Bone Diseases

AN = "disappearing bone" = OSTEOLYSIS, ESSENTIAL; TN 143: do not confuse with OSTEOPATHY see OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE, the specialty dealing with bone dis; inflamm dis = OSTEITIS

UI = D001847

 

Bone Diseases, Developmental

UI = D001848

 

Bone Diseases, Endocrine

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific endocr dis (IM); DF: BONE DIS ENDOCRINE

MS = Diseases of the bones related to hyperfunction or hypofunction of the endocrine glands.

UI = D001849

 

Bone Diseases, Infectious

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific infection (IM); DF: BONE DIS INFECT

MS = Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.

UI = D001850

 

Bone Diseases, Metabolic

UI = D001851

 

Bone Lengthening

AN = not restricted to long bones; coord IM with specific bone /surg (IM) or specific disease /surg (IM)

MS = Increase in the longest dimension of a bone to correct anatomical deficiencies, congenital, traumatic, or as a result of disease. The lengthening is not restricted to long bones. The usual surgical methods are internal fixation and distraction.

UI = D001852

 

Bone Malalignment

AN = congen or traum

MS = Displacement of bones out of line in relation to joints. It may be congenital or traumatic in origin.

UI = D017760

 

Bone Marrow

AN = /cytol = BONE MARROW CELLS; /transpl = BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION: do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS; inflammation = OSTEOMYELITIS; fibrosis = MYELOFIBROSIS; do not confuse words containing "myel-" for spinal cord with "myel-" for bone marrow

MS = The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.

UI = D001853

 

Bone Marrow Cells

AN = A 11 qualif

MS = The fat cells (ADIPOCYTES), large nucleated cells or myelocytes, and giant cells called MEGAKARYOCYTES, filling the meshes making up the bone marrow, a meshwork of connective tissue containing branching fibers. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1001)

UI = D001854

 

Bone Marrow Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = OSTEOMYELITIS

UI = D001855

 

Bone Marrow Examination

AN = NIM; DF: BONE MARROW EXAM

MS = Removal of bone marrow and evaluation of its histologic picture.

UI = D001856

 

Bone Marrow Neoplasms

AN = neopl located in bone marrow: do not confuse with neopl composed of bone marrow cells (like myeloma); /blood supply /chem /secret /second /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM): DF: BONE MARROW NEOPL

MS = Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.

UI = D019046

 

Bone Matrix

UI = D001857

 

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

AN = non-collagenous factors in demineralized bone; stimulate osteogenesis

MS = Non-collagenous factors, believed to be proteins, that occur in demineralized bone and stimulate osteogenesis. They can induce new bone formation in ectopic sites and thus have potential use in bone repair. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019485

 

Bone Nails

AN = note X ref BONE PINS

MS = Rods of bone, metal, or other material used for fixation of the fragments or ends of fractured bones.

UI = D001858

 

Bone Neoplasms

AN = GEN: prefer specific precoord; do not confuse with NEOPLASMS, BONE TISSUE (neopl composed of bone tissue; TN 135); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with specific bone (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D001859

 

Bone Plates

MS = Metal bars with perforations for the insertion of screws, used to immobilize fractured segments. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001860

 

Bone Regeneration

AN = not for callus formation (index under CALLUS with required qualif) & not for fracture healing ( = FRACTURE HEALING)

MS = Renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. It excludes CALLUS formed after bone fracture but not yet replaced by hard bone.

UI = D001861

 

Bone Resorption

AN = use Cat C qualif

MS = Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.

UI = D001862

 

Bone Screws

AN = do not confuse with BONE PINS see BONE NAILS

UI = D001863

 

Bone Substitutes

AN = IM; coord with specific bone (IM) if relevant + substitute material (IM) if significant

MS = Synthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. They include hard tissue replacement polymers, natural coral, hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and various other biomaterials. The bone substitutes as inert materials can be incorporated into surrounding tissue or gradually replaced by original tissue.

UI = D018786

 

Bone Wires

AN = do not confuse with BONE PINS see BONE NAILS

MS = Steel wires, often threaded through the skin, soft tissues, and bone, used to fix broken bones. Kirschner wires or apparatus also includes the application of traction to the healing bones through the wires.

UI = D001864

 

Bongkrekic Acid

AN = an antibiotic

MS = An antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas cocovenenans. It inhibits adenine nucleotide efflux from mitochondria by enhancing membrane binding.

UI = D001865

 

Book Classification

AN = IM

UI = D001867

 

Book Collecting

UI = D001868

 

Book Illustrations [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for book illustrations as a subject, index under main heading BOOKS, ILLUSTRATED; Manual 17.14

MS = Photographs, prints, drawings, portraits, plates, diagrams, facsimiles, maps, tables, or other representations or systematic arrangements of data designed to elucidate or decorate the contents of a publication. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983, p114)

UI = D019489

 

 

Book Imprints

UI = D001869

 

Book Industry

AN = specify geog if pertinent; DF: BOOK INDUST CATALOG: /geog/form

MS = The aggregate enterprise of manufacturing and technically producing books. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D001870

 

Book Ornamentation

UI = D001871

 

Book Prices

AN = no qualif

UI = D001872

 

Book Reviews

AN = do not index book reviews; use for articles on book reviews as a subject; no qualif

UI = D001873

 

Book Selection

AN = no qualif; lists of books probably go here but consider also BIBLIOGRAPHY

UI = D001874

 

Bookbinding

UI = D001875

 

Bookplates

AN = designed labels showing ownership of a book; med bookplates: do not coord with MEDICINE; coord IM with subject (IM) if relevant; bookplates of famous med & non-med figures: coord IM with required biog and hist headings & check tags; do not confuse with Publication Type BOOKPLATES

MS = Labels pasted in books to mark their ownership and sometimes to indicate their location in a library. Private bookplates are often ornate or artistic: simpler and smaller ones bearing merely the owner's name are called "book labels." They are usually pasted on the front endpaper of books. (From Harrod, The Librarians' Glossary and Reference Book, 4th rev ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D001876

 

Bookplates [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for bookplates as a subject, index under main heading BOOKPLATES

MS = Book owner's identification labels. They are usually intended for pasting inside a book. (Thesaurus for Graphic Materials II: Genre and Physical Characteristic Terms, 1995)

UI = D019491

 

 

Books

AN = NOT for specific books ( = LITERATURE or its indentions); NOT for lists of books ( = BIBLIOGRAPHY or its indentions): for books as a means of communication or as a subject ("books as carriers of germs"): Manual 33.11; relation to LITERATURE: Manual 33.11, relation to MANUSCRIPTS: Manual 33.12;TEXTBOOKS & REFERENCE BOOKS are also available

UI = D001877

 

Books, Illustrated

AN = IM; coord with subject (IM) or type of illus (IM); do not confuse X ref BOOK ILLUSTRATION with Publication Type BOOK ILLUSTRATIONS

MS = Books containing photographs, prints, drawings, portraits, plates, diagrams, facsimiles, maps, tables, or other representations or systematic arrangement of data designed to elucidate or decorate its contents. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983, p114)

UI = D001878

 

Bookselling

AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form

UI = D001879

 

Boranes

AN = collective name for boron hydrides (do not confuse with BOROHYDRIDES); do not confuse with BORATES or BORNANES

MS = The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D001880

 

Borates

AN = do not confuse with BORANES

MS = Inorganic or organic salts and esters of boric acid.

UI = D001881

 

Border Disease

AN = caused by a pestivirus; border refers to the English-Welsh border where there is a high mortal among sheep from this dis; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL; don't forget also SHEEP (NIM) but do not index under SHEEP DISEASES

MS = Congenital disorder of lambs caused by a virus closely related to or identical with certain strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus.

UI = D001882

 

Border Disease Virus

AN = a species of Pestivirus; infection = BORDER DISEASE

MS = A species of PESTIVIRUS causing a congenital sheep disease characterized by an abnormally hairy birth-coat, tremors, and poor growth.

UI = D018083

 

Borderline Personality Disorder

AN = "borderline" is a psychiatric diag: follow text

MS = A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)

UI = D001883

 

Bordetella

AN = infection = BORDETELLA INFECTIONS

MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria whose cells are minute coccobacilli. It consists of both parasitic and pathogenic species.

UI = D001884

 

Bordetella bronchiseptica

AN = infection: coord IM with BORDETELLA INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of BORDETELLA that is parasitic and pathogenic. It is found in the respiratory tract of domestic and wild mammalian animals and can be transmitted from animals to man. It is a common cause of bronchopneumonia in lower animals.

UI = D016950

 

Bordetella Infections

AN = gram-neg bact infect

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus BORDETELLA.

UI = D001885

 

Bordetella pertussis

AN = infection = WHOOPING COUGH

MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the causative agent of WHOOPING COUGH. Its cells are minute coccobacilli that are surrounded by a slime sheath.

UI = D001886

 

Boredom

AN = no qualif

MS = A psychological state resulting from any activity that lacks motivation, or from enforced continuance in an uninteresting situation.

UI = D001887

 

Boric Acids

MS = Inorganic and organic derivatives of boric acid either B(OH)3 or, preferably H3BO3.

UI = D001888

 

Borinic Acids

AN = do not confuse with BORONIC ACIDS or BORIC ACIDS

MS = Inorganic or organic compounds that contain the general structure R2B(OH).

UI = D001889

 

Borna Disease

AN = caused by an unclassified RNA virus; usually animal; Borna is in Saxony where an epidemic occurred; check tag ANIMAL

MS = An encephalomyelitis of horses, sheep and cattle caused by an RNA virus.

UI = D001890

 

Borna Disease Virus

AN = an unclassified RNA virus; infection = BORNA DISEASE: see note there; DF: BORNA DIS VIRUS

MS = An unclassified, single-stranded RNA virus, possibly related to the family Rhabdoviridae, causing a rare and usually fatal encephalitic disease in horses and other domestic animals and possibly deer. Its name derives from the city in Saxony where the condition was first described in 1894, but the disease occurs in Europe, N. Africa, and the Near East.

UI = D001891

 

Bornanes

AN = do not confuse with BORANES; includes bornenes

UI = D001892

 

Borneo

AN = an island in the Malay Archipelago; 3d largest island in the world

MS = An island in the Malay Archipelago, east of Sumatra, north of Java, and west of Celebes. It is the third largest island in the world. Its name is a Portuguese alteration of BRUNEI, located on it. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p163; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p73)

UI = D001893

 

Borohydrides

AN = do not confuse with boron hydrides, the collective name for BORANES

MS = A class of inorganic or organic compounds that contain the borohydride (BH4-) anion.

UI = D001894

 

Boron

AN = a trace element; B-11; B-10 = BORON (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); B-8, 9, 12, 13 = BORON (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

MS = Boron. A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.

UI = D001895

 

Boron Compounds

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: BORON CPDS

MS = Inorganic or organic compounds that contain boron as an integral part of the molecule.

UI = D001896

 

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with disease /radiother (IM); DF: BNCT

MS = A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons.

UI = D016754

 

Boronic Acids

AN = do not confuse with BORINIC ACIDS

MS = Inorganic or organic compounds that contain the basic structure RB(OH)2.

UI = D001897

 

Borrelia

AN = infection = BORRELIA INFECTIONS; B. recurrentis infection = RELAPSING FEVER; B. burgdorferi infection = LYME DISEASE

MS = A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, helical bacteria, various species of which produce relapsing fever in man and other animals.

UI = D001898

 

Borrelia burgdorferi

AN = infection = LYME DISEASE

MS = Gram-negative helical bacteria that are the etiologic agents of LYME DISEASE. These spirochetes are generally transmitted by several species of ixodid ticks.

UI = D015748

 

Borrelia Infections

AN = gram-neg spirochete infect

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus BORRELIA.

UI = D001899

 

Bosnia-Herzegovina

AN = formerly provinces of Yugoslavia; use this spelling in translations: z, not c

MS = A country of eastern Europe, formerly the province of Bosnia in Yugoslavia, uniting with the province of Herzegovina to form the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1946. It was created 7 April 1992 as a result of the division of Yugoslavia and recognized by the United States as an independent state. Bosnia takes is name from the river Bosna, in turn from the Indoeuropean root bhog, "current"; Herzegovina is from the Serbian herceg (duke) + -ov (the possessive) + -ina (country or territory).

UI = D017522

 

Boston

UI = D001900

 

Botany

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D001901

 

Bothrops

AN = a genus of vipers; its venom: coord IM with CROTALID VENOMS (IM)

MS = A genus of poisonous snakes of the VIPERIDAE family. About 50 species are known and all are found in tropical America and southern South America. Bothrops atrox is the fer-de-lance and B. jararaca is the jararaca. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336)

UI = D017837

 

Botrytis

MS = A mitosporic Leotiales fungal genus of plant pathogens. It has teleomorphs in the genus Botryotina.

UI = D020171

 

Botulinum Toxin Type A

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS

MS = A neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. When consumed in contaminated food it can cause paralysis and death. In its purified form, it has been used in the treatment of blepharospasm and strabismus.

UI = D019274

 

Botswana

AN = a republic in southern Africa; X ref BECHUANALAND was its former name; X ref KALAHARI refers to the desert & region

MS = A republic in southern Africa, between NAMIBIA and ZAMBIA. It was formerly called Bechuanaland. Its capital is Gaborone. The Kalahari Desert is in the west and southwest. Botswana was organized as a British protectorate in 1885 and became independent in 1966. The name comes from bo, the prefix for abstract nouns + Tswana, the people themselves. Bechuana in its earlier name is the English corruption of Botswana. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p185 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p74)

UI = D001902

 

Bottle Feeding

AN = human & animal

MS = Use of nursing bottles for feeding. Applies to humans and animals.

UI = D001903

 

Botulinum Antitoxin

MS = An equine antitoxin against the toxins produced by the type A, B, or E strain of Clostridium botulinum. Generally trivalent (ABE) antitoxin is used. (Dorland, 28th ed).

UI = D001904

 

Botulinum Toxins

AN = /antag permitted but consider also BOTULINUM ANTITOXIN

MS = Toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. There are at least seven different substances, most being proteins. They have neuro-, entero-, and hemotoxic properties, are immunogenic, and include the most potent poisons known. The most commonly used apparently blocks release of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses.

UI = D001905

 

Botulism

AN = caused by Clostridium botulinum

MS = A disease caused by potent protein neurotoxins produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM. Characteristics include abdominal pain, vomiting, motor disturbances, and visual difficulties. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classify botulism into four types: (1) food-borne; (2) infant; (3) wound; and (4) indeterminate.

UI = D001906

 

Boutonneuse Fever

AN = caused by RICKETTSIA CONORII

MS = A febrile disease of the Mediterranean area, the Crimea, Africa, and India, caused by infection with RICKETTSIA CONORII.

UI = D001907

 

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (see Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Viral)

 

Bovine Papillomavirus (see Papillomavirus, Bovine)

 

Bovine Herpesvirus 2 (see Herpesvirus 2, Bovine)

 

Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease

AN = caused by a pestivirus; don't forget also CATTLE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: BVD DIS

MS = Acute disease of cattle caused by the bovine viral diarrhea virus (DIARRHEA VIRUS, BOVINE VIRAL). Often mouth ulcerations are the only sign but fever, diarrhea, drop in milk yield, and loss of appetite are also seen. Mortality is high in animals showing clinical signs, especially diarrhea.

UI = D001912

 

Bowen's Disease

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A persistent progressive non-elevated red scaly or crusted plaque which is due to an intradermal carcinoma and is potentially malignant. Atypical squamous cells proliferate through the whole thickness of the epidermis. The lesions may occur anywhere on the skin surface or on mucosal surfaces. The cause most frequently found is trivalent arsenic compounds. Freezing, cauterization or diathermy coagulation is often effective. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, pp2428-9)

UI = D001913

 

Boxing

AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.15.1

MS = A two-person sport in which the fists are skillfully used to attack and defend.

UI = D001914

 

Braces

MS = Orthopedic appliances used to support, align, or hold parts of the body in correct position. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001915

 

Brachial Artery

MS = The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries.

UI = D001916

 

Brachial Plexus

AN = a network of spinal nerves innervating the arm

MS = The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon.

UI = D001917

 

Brachiocephalic Trunk

AN = note X ref

MS = The first and largest artery branching from the aortic arch. It distributes blood to the right side of the head and neck and to the right arm.

UI = D016122

 

Brachiocephalic Veins

MS = Large veins on either side of the root of the neck formed by the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. They drain blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities, and unite to form the superior vena cava.

UI = D016121

 

Brachytherapy

AN = a type of radiother

MS = A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues.

UI = D001918

 

Bradycardia

AN = excessively slow heart rate; TN 99: BRADYCARDIA vs HEART RATE

MS = Excessive slowness in the action of the heart. It usually displays a heart rate below 60 beats per minute.

UI = D001919

 

Bradykinin

AN = a neurotransmitter; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

MS = A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter.

UI = D001920

 

Bradyrhizobium

MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria usually containing granules of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. They characteristically invade the root hairs of leguminous plants and act as intracellular symbionts.

UI = D020369

 

Brain

AN = GEN; /blood supply: consider also CEREBROVASCULAR CIRCULATION, CEREBRAL ARTERIES, CEREBRAL VEINS, CRANIAL SINUSES; /cytol: do not routinely convert to NEURONS; /drug eff: consider terms in D14 & D15; /surg: consider also CEREBRAL DECORTICATION & PSYCHOSURGERY; inflammation = ENCEPHALITIS & its specifics; infarct = CEREBRAL INFARCTION; malacia = ENCEPHALOMALACIA; cerebral dysraphism = BRAIN/abnorm (IM) + NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS (IM); brain-isolated, encâephale isolâe, cerveau isolâe: index DECEREBRATE STATE

MS = That part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium, comprising the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. It is derived from the anterior part of the embryonic neural tube. Functions include muscle control and coordination, sensory reception and integration, speech production, memory storage, and the elaboration of thought and emotions. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001921

 

Brain Abscess

AN = for coord read note on ABSCESS

MS = An abscess affecting the brain as a result of extension of an infection (e.g., otitis media) from an adjacent area or through bloodborne infection. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001922

 

Brain Chemistry

AN = TN 29: differentiate from BRAIN /metab; consider also /chem with specific parts of the brain but probably as NIM with BRAIN CHEMISTRY (IM) if site is merely locational & illustrative

UI = D001923

 

Brain Concussion

AN = X ref BRAIN CONTUSION: do not coord with CONTUSIONS

MS = Transient or prolonged unconsciousness with or without impairment of higher mental functions and/or brain stem functions, due to a violent blow to the head.

UI = D001924

 

Brain Damage, Chronic

UI = D001925

 

Brain Death

AN = total cessation of brain function for 24 hrs

MS = Total cessation of brain function for 24 hours as manifested by absence of spontaneous movement, absence of spontaneous respiration, and absence of all brain stem reflexes.

UI = D001926

 

Brain Diseases

AN = /diag: consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, CEREBRAL

MS = Diseases that affect the brain, which is defined as all components of the central nervous system that are enclosed within the cranium, including (but not limited to) the cerebral cortex, white matter, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem and cerebellum.

UI = D001927

 

Brain Diseases, Metabolic

AN = GEN; avoid: prefer specifics

MS = Metabolic disorders which lead to pathological changes and/or functional deviations of the brain.

UI = D001928

 

Brain Edema

UI = D001929

 

Brain Injuries

AN = GEN or unspecified; consider also /inj with specific parts of the brain

MS = Acute injuries to the brain, general or unspecified.

UI = D001930

 

Brain Mapping

AN = coord IM with specific part of brain /physiol (IM)

UI = D001931

 

Brain Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with specific site in brain (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = Neoplasms of the part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium.

UI = D001932

 

Brain Stem

UI = D001933

 

Brain Tissue Transplantation

AN = coord IM with specific part of brain /transpl (IM or NIM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed; transpl of fetal or embryonic brain tissue: coord IM with FETAL TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION (IM) + specific tissue /transpl + /embryol if pertinent (IM or NIM)

MS = Transference of brain tissue, either from a fetus or from a born individual, between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.

UI = D016380

 

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

AN = a nerve growth factor; DF: note short X ref

MS = A member of the nerve growth factor family of trophic factors. In the brain BDNF has a trophic action on retinal, cholinergic, and dopaminergic neurons, and in the peripheral nervous system it acts on both motor and sensory neurons. (From Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)

UI = D019208

 

Branchial Region

AN = includes branchial arch & branchial cleft; branchial arch syndrome: index under BRANCHIAL REGION (IM) + SYNDROME (NIM)

MS = Region containing paired arched columns that bear gills in lower aquatic vertebrates and appear in the embryos of higher vertebrates in comparable form. In higher vertebrates the arches are subsequently modified into structures of the neck and ear.

UI = D001934

 

Branchioma

AN = neoplastic; includes branchial inclusion cyst, branchial chondroma, branchial fistula; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with HEAD AND NECK NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A tumor derived from branchial epithelium or branchial rests. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001935

 

Branhamella (see Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis)

 

Branchio-Oto-Renal Syndrome

AN = multiple abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: note short X ref CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An autosomal dominant disorder manifested by various combinations of preauricular pits, branchial fistulae or cysts, lacrimal duct stenosis, hearing loss, structural defects of the outer, middle, or inner ear, and renal dysplasia. Associated defects include asthenic habitus, long narrow facies, constricted palate, deep overbite, and myopia. Hearing loss may be due to Mondini type cochlear defect and stapes fixation. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)

UI = D019280

 

Brassica

AN = note common names as X refs; MUSTARD is also available; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2; for Brassica plants as vegetables index here & do not add VEGETABLES

MS = A large genus of edible, Cruciferous plants including the large species Brassica oleracea. Included are cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussel sprout, kale, and collard green (all are the same species), turnip (B. napa), rutabaga (B. napobrassica), rapeseed (B. napus), and MUSTARD (B. alba, B. junica, and B. nigra).

UI = D001937

 

Brazil

UI = D001938

 

BRCA1 Protein

AN = in normal cell nucleus & in BReast CAncer cell cytoplasm

MS = Phosphoprotein encoded by the BRCA1 gene (GENES, BRCA1). It has limited sequence similarity with known proteins. In normal cells the BRCA1 protein is localized in the nucleus, whereas in the majority of breast cancer cell lines and in malignant pleural effusions from breast cancer patients, it is localized mainly in the cytoplasm. (Science 1995;270(5237):713,789-91)

UI = D019313

 

Bread

MS = Baked food product made of flour or meal that is moistened, kneaded, and sometimes fermented. A major food since prehistoric times, it has been made in various forms using a variety of ingredients and methods.

UI = D001939

 

Breast

AN = human only; animal is MAMMAE or UDDER; /surg: consider also MASTECTOMY & MAMMAPLASTY; inflammation = MASTITIS; tuberc of breast = MASTITIS (IM) + TUBERCULOSIS (IM), not TUBERCULOSIS, ENDOCRINE; self-examination = BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION

MS = The anterior aspect of the chest, often applied especially to the modified cutaneous glandular structure it bears. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D001940

 

Breast Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = MASTITIS; tuberc of breast = MASTITIS (IM) + TUBERCULOSIS (IM), not TUBERCULOSIS, ENDOCRINE

UI = D001941

 

Breast Feeding

AN = human only; /adv eff: refers to eff on infant or mother

MS = The nursing of an infant at the mother's breast.

UI = D001942

 

 

Breast Implantation

MS = Surgical insertion of an inert sac filled with silicone or other material to augment the female form cosmetically.

UI = D019928

 

Breast Implants

AN = IM; coord with implant material (IM or NIM)

MS = Implants used to reconstruct and/or cosmetically enhance the female breast. They have an outer shell or envelope of silicone elastomer and are filled with either saline or silicone gel. The outer shell may be either smooth or textured.

UI = D018427

 

 

Breast Neoplasms

AN = human only; GEN or unspecified but usually female; when unspecified check tag HUMAN; when female, check tags HUMAN & FEMALE but note BREAST NEOPLASMS, MALE is available: see note there; for animal use MAMMARY NEOPLASMS or MAMMARY NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL: Manual 24.5+, 24.6+; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D001943

 

Breast Neoplasms, Male

AN = human only; for animal, see note at BREAST NEOPLASMS; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); check tags HUMAN & MALE

MS = Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females. Two-thirds of patients present with intraductal carcinoma. The average age of onset is 60 years for men. Orchiectomy was the standard treatment but it has been replaced by TAMOXIFEN as the initial therapy since estrogen-receptor-positive tumors are predominant in males. Orchiectomy and mastectomy may be used if initial drug therapy is not successful. The prognosis is worse than that for females. (From Holland, et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1751)

UI = D018567

 

 

Breast Self-Examination

AN = coord IM with no qualif with disease /diag (IM) if discussed; DF: BREAST SELF EXAM

MS = The inspection of one's breasts, usually for signs of disease, especially neoplastic disease.

UI = D016504

 

 

Breath Tests

AN = NIM

MS = Any tests done on exhaled air.

UI = D001944

 

Breathing Exercises

MS = Therapeutic exercises aimed to deepen inspiration or expiration or even to alter the rate and rhythm of respiration.

UI = D001945

 

Breech Presentation

AN = no qualif; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D001946

 

Breeding

AN = animals & plants only

UI = D001947

 

 

Brefeldin A

MS = A fungal metabolite which is a macrocyclic lactone exhibiting a wide range of antibiotic activity.

UI = D020126

 

Brenner Tumor

AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A tumor of the ovary whose structure consists of groups of epithelial cells lying in a fibrous connective tissue stroma. Brenner tumors are uncommon, representing less than 1% of all ovarian neoplasms. Malignant Brenner tumors are unilateral. Brenner tumors are ordinarily found incidentally in ovaries removed for other reasons, especially in postmenopausal women. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1665)

UI = D001948

 

Bretylium Compounds

AN = ammonium cpds; DF: BRETYLIUM CPDS

UI = D001949

 

Bretylium Tosylate

AN = an anti-arrhythmic

MS = An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.

UI = D001950

 

Brevibacterium

AN = in soil, water, dairy prod & decaying matter

MS = A gram-positive organism found in dairy products, fresh and salt water, marine organisms, insects, and decaying organic matter.

UI = D001951

 

Bridged Compounds

AN = DF: BRIDGED CPDS

MS = Cyclic hydrocarbons that contain multiple rings and share one or more atoms.

UI = D001952

 

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale

AN = DF: BPRS

MS = A scale comprising 18 symptom constructs chosen to represent relatively independent dimensions of manifest psychopathology. The initial intended use was to provide more efficient assessment of treatment response in clinical psychopharmacology research; however, the scale was readily adapted to other uses. (From Hersen, M. and Bellack, A.S., Dictionary of Behavioral Assessment Techniques, p. 87)

UI = D010054

 

Brinolase

AN = a fibrinolytic

MS = A fibrinolytic and thrombolytic enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae.

UI = D001954

 

British Columbia

AN = a province of Canada on the Pacific coast

MS = A province of Canada on the Pacific coast. Its capital is Victoria. The name given in 1858 derives from the Columbia River which was named by the American captain Robert Gray for his ship Columbia which in turn was named for Columbus. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p178 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p81-2)

UI = D001955

 

Broad Ligament

AN = an adnexal ligament; inflammation = PARAMETRITIS

MS = A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis.

UI = D001956

 

Broadsides

AN = IM; coord with subject (IM); do not confuse with Publication Type BROADSIDES

MS = Separately published pieces of paper or other material, usually printed on one side and intended to be read unfolded and usually intended to be posted, publicly distributed, or sold, e.g., proclamations, handbills, newssheets, etc. (From Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collections Cataloguing, 2d ed)

UI = D001957

 

Broadsides [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for broadsides as a subject, index under main heading BROADSIDES; Publication Types ADVERTISEMENTS & POSTERS are also available

MS = Separately published pieces of paper or other material, usually printed on one side and intended to be read unfolded and usually intended to be posted, publicly distributed, or sold, e.g., proclamations, handbills, newssheets, etc. (From Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collections Cataloguing, 2d ed)

UI = D019490

 

Brocresine

AN = an enzyme inhib

MS = alpha-(Aminooxy)-6-bromo-m-cresol. A histidine decarboxylase inhibitor.

UI = D001958

 

Bromates

MS = Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBRO3.

UI = D001959

 

Bromazepam

AN = an anti-anxiety agent

MS = 7-Bromo-1,3-dihydro-5-(2-pyridyl)-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of anxiety disorders.

UI = D001960

 

Bromcresol Green

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = An indicator and reagent. It has been used in serum albumin determinations and as a pH indicator.

UI = D001961

 

Bromcresol Purple

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = alpha-(5-Bromo-4-hydroxy-m-tolyl)-alpha-(3-bromo-5-methyl-4-oxo-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidine)-o-toluenesulfonic acid. An indicator and reatgent. It has been used for several purposes including the determination of serum albumin concentrations

UI = D001962

 

Bromelains

AN = cysteine proteinases & non-steroidal anti-inflamm agents

MS = Protein-digesting and milk-clotting enzymes found in pineapple fruit juice and stem tissue. Enzymes from the two sources are distinguished as fruit bromelain and stem bromelain. They have anti-inflammatory activity and the enzymatic activity does not disappear as the fruit ripens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D001963

 

Bromhexine

AN = an expectorant

MS = A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744)

UI = D001964

 

Bromine Compounds

AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: BROMINE CPDS

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain bromine as an integral part of the molecule.

UI = D017605

 

Bromides

AN = only for inorganic cpds or bromide ion

MS = Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D001965

 

Bromine

AN = a halogen; Br-79; Br-81 = BROMINE (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Br-74-78, 80, 82-90 = BROMINE RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

MS = A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.

UI = D001966

 

Bromine Radioisotopes

AN = Br-74-78, 80, 82-90; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

MS = Unstable isotopes of bromine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Br atoms with atomic weights 74-78, 80, and 82-90 are radioactive bromine isotopes.

UI = D001967

 

Bromisovalum

AN = a nonbarbiturate sedative

MS = (2-Bromo-3-methylbutyryl)urea. A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.

UI = D001968

 

Bromobenzenes

MS = Derivatives of benzene in which one or more hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring are replaced by bromine atoms.

UI = D001969

 

Bromobenzoates

MS = Benzoic acid or benzoic acid esters substituted with one or more bromine atoms.

UI = D001970

 

8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate

AN = DF: BR CAMP

MS = 8-Bromoadenosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.

UI = D015124

 

Bromocriptine

AN = an ergot alkaloid; possible antiparkinson agent

MS = A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion and is used to treat amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and female infertility, and has been proposed for Parkinson disease.

UI = D001971

 

Bromodeoxycytidine

MS = 5-Bromo-2'-deoxycytidine. Can be incorporated into DNA in the presence of DNA polymerase, replacing dCTP.

UI = D001972

 

Bromodeoxyuridine

AN = an antimetabolite

MS = A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.

UI = D001973

 

Bromosuccinimide

MS = A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).

UI = D001974

 

Bromotrichloromethane

MS = A potent liver poison. In rats, bromotrichloromethane produces about three times the degree of liver microsomal lipid peroxidation as does carbon tetrachloride.

UI = D001975

 

Bromouracil

AN = an antimetabolite

MS = 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.

UI = D001976

 

Bromoviridae

AN = a family of plant viruses; from BROme MOsaic

MS = A family of RNA plant viruses with a wide host range in crops and horticultural species. All viruses are readily transmitted by mechanical means and some by insects and pollen. There are four genera: ALFAMOVIRUS, BROMOVIRUS, CUCUMOVIRUS, and ILARVIRUS.

UI = D019177

 

Bromovirus

AN = a genus of mosaic viruses; from BROme MOsaic virus, brome referring to the grass brome; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

MS = A genus of tripartite plant viruses in the family BROMOVIRIDAE. Transmission is by beetles.

UI = D017795

 

Brompheniramine

AN = a histamine H1 antag

MS = Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.

UI = D001977

 

Bromphenol Blue

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = alpha,alpha-Bis(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)-alpha-hydroxy-o-toluenesulfonic acid, gamma-sultone. A dye that has been used as an industrial dye, a laboratory indicator, and a biological stain.

UI = D001978

 

Bromthymol Blue

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = A pH sensitive dye that has been used as an indicator in many laboratory reactions.

UI = D001979

 

Bronchi

AN = /drug eff: consider also BRONCHOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS or BRONCHODILATOR AGENTS; inflammation = BRONCHITIS but note BRONCHIOLITIS is also available; dilatation = BRONCHIECTASIS; bronchial tuberc or tuberc bronchitis: index under TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY & not also under BRONCHI or BRONCHITIS unless particularly discussed

MS = The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea.

UI = D001980

 

Bronchial Arteries

MS = Left bronchial arteries arise from the thoracic aorta, the right from the first aortic intercostal or the upper left bronchial artery; they supply the bronchi and the lower trachea.

UI = D001981

 

Bronchial Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = BRONCHITIS

UI = D001982

 

Bronchial Fistula

AN = abnorm passage in bronchus or between bronchus & another organ; fistula policy: Manual 23.19+

MS = An abnormal passage or communication between a bronchus and another part of the body.

UI = D001983

 

Bronchial Hyperreactivity

AN = note category; if present in asthma, coord IM with ASTHMA /physiopathol (IM)

MS = Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.

UI = D016535

 

Bronchial Neoplasms

AN = not for bronchial carcinoma ( = CARCINOMA, BRONCHIAL see CARCINOMA, BRONCHOGENIC + LUNG NEOPLASMS), nor bronchogenic carcinoma ( = CARCINOMA, BRONCHOGENIC + LUNG NEOPLASMS) nor bronchiolar carcinoma ( = CARCINOMA, BRONCHIOLAR + LUNG NEOPLASMS); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D001984

 

Bronchial Provocation Tests

AN = diag of asthma; DF: BP TESTS

MS = Tests involving inhalation of allergens (nebulized or in dust form), nebulized pharmacologically active solutions (e.g., histamine, methacholine), or control solutions, followed by assessment of respiratory function. These tests are used in the diagnosis of asthma.

UI = D001985

 

Bronchial Spasm

MS = Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.

UI = D001986

 

Bronchiectasis

AN = bronchial dilatation

MS = Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.

UI = D001987

 

Bronchiolitis

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Inflammation of the bronchioles.

UI = D001988

 

Bronchiolitis Obliterans

AN = also called acute obliterating bronchiolitis & bronchiolitis fibrosa obliterans: do not make diagnoses: use words of text

MS = Inflammation of the bronchioles with obstruction by fibrous granulation tissue or bronchial exudate. It may follow inhalation of irritating gases or foreign bodies and it complicates pneumonia.

UI = D001989

 

Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia

AN = DF: note short X ref

MS = A disease formerly considered a form of interstitial pneumonia. Its etiology is obscure but it may be associated with toxic fumes, infection, and connective tissue disease. Clinical symptoms include cough, dyspnea and influenza-like symptoms with the development of the usual interstitial pneumonia in many cases. Obstructive symptoms are limited to smokers. There are patchy polypoid masses of intra-alveolar granulation tissue in small airway lumina and alveolar ducts. "Organizing" refers to unresolved pneumonia (in which the alveolar exudate persists and eventually undergoes fibrosis) in which fibrous tissue forms in the alveoli. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992; Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D018549

 

Bronchiolitis, Viral

AN = acute & occurring in inf & young child; coord IM with specific virus dis (IM)

MS = An acute inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory tract, caused by paramyxoviruses, occurring primarily in infants and young children; the viruses most commonly implicated are parainfluenza type 3 and respiratory syncytial virus.

UI = D001990

 

Bronchitis

AN = tuberc bronchitis: index under TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY & not also under BRONCHITIS unless particularly discussed; BRONCHIOLITIS is also available

UI = D001991

 

Bronchoalveolar Lavage

AN = an irrigation technique: do not confuse with BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID, the washings obtained by lavage; DF: note short X ref

MS = Washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients.

UI = D018893

 

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid

AN = the fluid obtained by lavage: do not confuse with BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE, the irrigation technique; /chem /cytol /immunol /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; DF: BALF

MS = Fluid obtained by washout of the alveolar compartment of the lung. It is used to assess biochemical and inflammatory changes in and effects of therapy on the interstitial lung tissue.

UI = D001992

 

 

Bronchoconstriction

AN = IM; physiol process or chem induced state: do not confuse with pathol bronchial constriction ( = BRONCHIAL DISEASES (IM) + CONSTRICTION, PATHOLOGIC (NIM) or more likely ASTHMA); /drug eff: consider also BRONCHOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS which induce bronchoconstriction or BRONCHODILATOR AGENTS which counteract it

MS = Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention.

UI = D016084

 

Bronchoconstrictor Agents

AN = consider also BRONCHI /drug eff

MS = Agents causing the narrowing of the lumen of a bronchus or bronchiole.

UI = D016085

 

Bronchodilator Agents

AN = GEN or unspecified; consider also BRONCHI /drug eff

MS = Drugs that cause expansion of the lumina of the air passages of the lungs. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D001993

 

Bronchogenic Cyst

AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A usually spherical cyst, arising as an embryonic out-pouching of the foregut or trachea. It is generally found in the mediastinum or lung and is usually asymptomatic unless it becomes infected.

UI = D001994

 

Bronchography

AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: BRONCHOGR

MS = Radiography of the bronchial tree after injection of a contrast medium.

UI = D001995

 

Bronchopneumonia

AN = do not make a diagnosis: use term as used by author

MS = Acute inflammation of the walls of the smaller bronchial tubes, with varying amounts of pulmonary consolidation due to spread of the inflammation into peribronchiolar alveoli and the alveolar ducts. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D001996

 

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

AN = after ther of RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME so do not coord with it; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; check tags HUMAN & INFANT, NEWBORN; DF: BRONCHOPULM DYSPLASIA CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A chronic lung disease appearing in certain newborn infants treated for RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME with mechanical ventilation and elevated concentration of inspired oxygen.

UI = D001997

 

Bronchopulmonary Sequestration

AN = a lung abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: PULM SEQUESTRATION CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A developmental anomaly in which a mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue lacks normal connection with the tracheobroncheal tree and receives an anomalous blood supply originating from the descending thoracic or abdominal aorta. The mass may be extralobar, i.e., completely separated from normally connected lung, or intralobar, i.e., partly surrounded by normal lung.

UI = D001998

 

Bronchoscopy

AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Endoscopic examination of the bronchi.

UI = D001999

 

Bronchospirometry

AN = NIM

MS = Spirometric technique in which the volume of air breathed in the right and left lung is recorded separately.

UI = D002000

 

Brown Fat

AN = human & animal

MS = A thermogenic type of adipose tissue containing a dark pigment, and arising during embryonic life in certain specific areas in many mammals, including man. It is prominent in the newborn of all species in which it occurs and remains a distinct and conspicuous tissue in the adults of certain species, especially those that hibernate. It is also called brown adipose tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed, p1725)

UI = D002001

 

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

AN = hemiparaplegia, a form of paraplegia; in titles & translations use diacrit: Brown-Sâequard

MS = A syndrome due to damage of one half of the spinal cord, resulting in ipsilateral paralysis below the level of the lesion and loss of discriminatory and joint sensation, and contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation. Brown-Sequard was a French physiologist, 1817-1894. The syndrome is also called Brown-Sequard disease and Brown-Sequard paralysis but this latter should not be confused with a flaccid paralysis seen in disorders of the urinary tract called by the same name. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Magalini, Dictionary of Medical Syndromes, 3d ed)

UI = D018437

 

Brucella

AN = infection = BRUCELLOSIS

MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes BRUCELLOSIS. Its cells are nonmotile coccobacilli and are animal parasites and pathogens. The bacterium is transmissible to humans through contact with infected dairy products or tissue.

UI = D002002

 

Brucella abortus

AN = infection = probably BRUCELLOSIS, BOVINE but for man or other animals coord IM with BRUCELLOSIS (IM)

MS = A species of the genus BRUCELLA whose natural hosts are cattle and other bovidae. Other mammals, including man, may be infected. Abortion and placentitis are frequently produced in the pregnant animal.

UI = D002003

 

Brucella melitensis

AN = infection: coord IM with BRUCELLOSIS (IM)

MS = A species of the genus BRUCELLA whose natural hosts are sheep and goats. Other mammals, including man, may be infected. In general, these organisms tend to be more virulent for laboratory animals than BRUCELLA ABORTUS and may cause fatal infections.

UI = D017347

 

Brucella Vaccine

AN = coord IM with specific Brucella /immunol (IM)

MS = A bacterial vaccine for the prevention of brucellosis in man and animal. Brucella abortus vaccine is used for the immunization of cattle, sheep, and goats.

UI = D002004

 

Brucellosis

AN = gram-neg bact infect

MS = Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the reticuloendothelial system. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.

UI = D002006

 

Brucellosis, Bovine

AN = in cattle only: if transmitted to man, use BRUCELLOSIS for the human; don't forget also CATTLE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL

MS = A disease of cattle caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA leading to abortion in late pregnancy. BRUCELLA ABORTUS is the primary infective agent.

UI = D002007

 

 

 

 

Bruch Membrane

AN = "a support structure on the inner side of the choroid"

MS = The membrane, also called the lamina basalis choroideae, that acts as a support structure on the inner side of the choroid (the vascular sheet that supplies the retinal pigment epithelium and the outer portion of the sensory retina adjacent to it). It is 7 microns thick and is composed of the basement membranes of the choriocapillaris endothelium and the retinal pigment epithelium. The membrane stops at the optic nerve, as does the retinal pigment epithelium.

UI = D016570

 

Brugia

AN = infection: check text for probable lymphatic involvement & coord IM with ELEPHANTIASIS, FILARIAL (IM); coord with specific helminth term (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent; /drug eff: consider FILARICIDES

MS = A filarial worm of Southeast Asia, producing filariasis and elephantiasis in various mammals including man. It was formerly included in the genus WUCHERERIA.

UI = D002009

 

Brugia malayi

AN = infection: coord IM with FILARIASIS (IM) or if with possible lymphatic involvement, ELEPHANTIASIS, FILARIAL (IM); coord with specific helminth term (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent; /drug eff: consider FILARICIDES

MS = A species of parasitic nematode causing Malayan filariasis and having a distribution centering roughly on the Malay peninsula. The life cycle of B. malayi is similar to that of WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI, except that in most areas the principal mosquito vectors belong to the genus Mansonia.

UI = D017178

 

Brugia pahangi

AN = infection: coord IM with FILARIASIS (IM); coord with specific helminth term (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent; /drug eff: consider FILARICIDES

MS = A species of parasitic nematode found in man and other mammals. It has been reported from Malaya and East Pakistan and may produce symptoms of tropical eosinophilia.

UI = D017179

 

Brunei

AN = a sultanate on the northeast coast of Borneo

MS = An independent sultanate on the northeast coast of Borneo. Its chief products are oil and natural gas. Its name is Hindi, coming from the Sanskrit bhumi, land or region. It gave its name Brunei to Borneo. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p183 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p82)

UI = D002010

 

Brunner's Glands

AN = in the duodenum

MS = Tubuloalveolar glands in the submucous layer of the duodenum which opens into the crypts of Lieberkuhn. They secrete urogastrone (see EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR-UROGASTRONE). They are also called glandulae duodenales or duodenal glands. (Dorland, 27th ed, p696)

UI = D002011

 

Bruxism

AN = habit of grinding & clenching the teeth

MS = An oral habit consisting of involuntary rhythmic or spasmodic nonfunctional gnashing, grinding, and clenching of teeth on other than chewing movements of the mandible, usually performed during sleep, which may lead to occlusal trauma. Causes are believed to be related to repressed aggression, emotional tension, anger, fear, and frustration. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002012

 

Bryozoa

AN = a phylum of tiny aquatic colonial animals; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = A phylum of small sessile aquatic animals living as small tufted colonies. Some appear like hydroids or corals, but their internal structure is more advanced. Most bryozoans are matlike, forming thin encrustations on rocks, shells, or kelp. (Storer & Stebbins, General Zoology, 6th ed, p443)

UI = D002013

 

Buckwheat

AN = as plant & food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = Either of two species (Fagopyrum esculentum, or sagittatum, and F. tataricum) of herbaceous plants and their edible seeds, used as a cereal grain. Although the seeds are used as cereal, the plant is not one of the cereal grasses.

UI = D019612

 

Bucladesine

AN = DF: DIBU CYCL AMP

MS = N-(1-Oxobutyl)adenosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate) 2'-butanoate. A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous cyclic AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D003994

 

Bucrylate

AN = a tissue adhesive; D25-26 qualif

MS = 2-Cyano-2-propenoic acid 2-methylpropyl ester. Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive also used to occlude blood vessels supplying neoplastic or other diseased tissue.

UI = D002015

 

Buddhism

AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The teaching ascribed to Gautama Buddha (ca. 483 B.C.) holding that suffering is inherent in life and that one can escape it into nirvana by mental and moral self-purification. (Webster, 3d ed)

UI = D002016

 

Budding and Appendaged Bacteria

AN = avoid: too general; prefer specifics; DF: BUDDING APPENDAGED BACT

MS = Bacteria that commonly possess unusual shapes, have complex life cycles, and divide by budding. Many have appendages which are sufficiently prominent that they can be detected by phase-contrast light microscopy.

UI = D016933

 

Budesonide

MS = A glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis.

UI = D019819

 

Budgets

MS = Detailed financial plans for carrying out specific activities for a certain period of time. They include proposed income and expenditures.

UI = D002017

 

Bufanolides

AN = includes bufenolides, bufadienolides, bufatrienolides

MS = Steroids derived from various Bufo species and often possessing cardiotonic properties.

UI = D002018

 

Bufexamac

AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent

MS = 4-Butoxy-N-hydroxybenzeneacetamide. An anti-inflammatory analgesic with antipyretic action. It is administered topically, orally, or rectally.

UI = D002019

 

Buffaloes

AN = do not confuse with BUFFALO, AMERICAN see BISON; IM; qualif permitted

MS = Ruminants of the family Bovidae consisting of Bubalus arnee and Syncerus caffer. This concept is differentiated from BISON, which refers to Bison bison and Bison bonasus.

UI = D002020

 

Buffers

AN = almost never IM; no qualif

MS = Chemical systems that prevent change in the concentration of another chemical substance, e.g. proton donor and acceptor systems serve as buffers preventing marked changes in hydrogen ion concentration (pH). (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002021

 

Bufo arenarum

AN = So. Amer. toad; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

MS = A species of the true toads, Bufonidae, found in South America.

UI = D002022

 

Bufo bufo

AN = common U.S. & European toad; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

MS = A species of the true toads, Bufonidae, widely distributed in the United States and Europe.

UI = D002023

 

Bufo marinus

AN = common southern U.S. toad; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

MS = A species of the true toads, Bufonidae, becoming fairly common in the southern United States and almost pantropical. The secretions from the skin glands of this species are very toxic to animals.

UI = D002024

 

Bufonidae

AN = toads including genera Bufo, Ansonia, Nectophrynoides & Atelopus; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

MS = The family of true toads belonging to the order Anura. The genera include Bufo, Ansonia, Nectophrynoides, and Atelopus.

UI = D002025

 

Buformin

AN = a hypoglycemic

MS = 1-Butylbiguanide. An oral hypoglycemic agent that inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases glycolysis, and decreases glucose oxidation.

UI = D002026

 

Bufotenin

AN = a serotonin antag & hallucinogenic amphibian venom; /biosyn permitted if by toads, mushrooms, etc.

MS = A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic.

UI = D002027

 

Building Codes

AN = coord IM with type of facility (IM)

MS = Standards or regulations for construction which are designed to ensure safety against electrical hazards, fires, etc.

UI = D002028

 

Bulbourethral Glands

AN = in the male urethra

MS = Two glands in the substance of the sphincter of the urethra, just posterior to its membranous part and located near its origin. They are homologues of BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS in the female. They supply mucus to the urethra during sexual intercourse to assist in the lubrication of coitus. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Guyton, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 8th ed, p884, 891)

UI = D002030

 

Bulgaria

AN = in translations of historical articles use spelling People's Republic, not Peoples' nor Peoples

UI = D002031

 

Bulimia

AN = a severe eating disord: binge eating often with self-induced vomiting

MS = Episodic binge eating associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, and self-deprecating thoughts. Binges are frequently terminated by self-induced vomiting. The bulimic episodes are not due to ANOREXIA NERVOSA or any known physical disorder.

UI = D002032

 

Bulinus

AN = freshwater snail; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = A genus of small freshwater snails of the order Pulmonata, found throughout Africa and the Middle East, where it is a vector of SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM.

UI = D002033

 

Bumetanide

AN = a diuretic

MS = 3-Butylamino-4-phenoxy-5-sulfamylbenzoic acid. A sulfamyl diuretic.

UI = D002034

 

Bunaftine

AN = an anti-arrhythmic

MS = N-Butyl-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-1-naphthamide. A proposed antiarrhythmic that prolongs myocardial refractory period and stabilizes cell membranes.

UI = D002035

 

Bundle of His

MS = Small band of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that originates in the atrioventricular node and extends into the membranous part of the interventricular septum.

UI = D002036

 

Bundle-Branch Block

AN = disord of bundle of His

MS = A form of heart block in which one ventricle is excited before the other because of absence of conduction in one of the branches of the bundle of His.

UI = D002037

 

Bungarotoxins

AN = from the krait, a snake; /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; alpha-bungarotoxin & beta-bungarotoxin go here

MS = Neurotoxic proteins from the venom of the banded or Formosan krait (Bungarus multicinctus, an elapid snake). alpha-Bungarotoxin blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and has been used to isolate and study them; beta- and gamma-bungarotoxins act presynaptically causing acetylcholine release and depletion. Both alpha and beta forms have been characterized, the alpha being similar to the large, long or Type II neurotoxins from other elapid venoms.

UI = D002038

 

Bungarus

AN = a genus of poisonous snakes

MS = A genus of poisonous snakes of the subfamily Elapinae of the family ELAPIDAE. They comprise the kraits. Twelve species are recognized and all inhabit southeast Asia. They are considered extremely dangerous. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p120)

UI = D017838

 

Bunyavirus

AN = a genus of the family Bunyaviridae; from BUNYAmwera, an African place name; infection: coord IM with BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE containing over 150 viruses, most of which are transmitted by mosquitoes or gnats. They are arranged in serogroups which include BUNYAMWERA GROUP VIRUSES (containing the type species, Bunyamwera virus), CALIFORNIA GROUP VIRUSES, SIMBU GROUP VIRUSES, and Guama group viruses.

UI = D016851

 

Bunyamwera Group Viruses

AN = a group of the genus Bunyavirus; infection: coord IM with BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = A large group of viruses from many parts of the world assigned to the BUNYAVIRUS genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE. They are transmitted by mosquitoes and infect humans in some areas. This group contains the type species of the genus, Bunyamwera virus.

UI = D002042

 

Bunyaviridae

AN = a family of RNA viruses; from BUNYAmwera, an African place name; infection = BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

MS = A family of viruses, mainly arboviruses, consisting of a single strand of RNA. Virions are enveloped particles 90-120 nm diameter. The complete family contains over 300 members arranged in five genera: BUNYAVIRUS, HANTAVIRUS, NAIROVIRUS, PHLEBOVIRUS, and TOSPOVIRUS.

UI = D002043

 

Bunyaviridae Infections

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Virus diseases caused by the BUNYAVIRIDAE.

UI = D002044

 

Bupivacaine

AN = a local anesthetic

MS = A widely used local anesthetic agent.

UI = D002045

 

Bupranolol

AN = an antihypertensive & anti-arrhythmic

MS = An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.

UI = D002046

 

Buprenorphine

AN = an opioid analgesic

MS = 17-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-alpha-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4,5-epoxy-18,19-dihydro-3-hydroxy-6-methoxy-alpha-methyl-6,14-ethenomorphinan-7-methanol. A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.

UI = D002047

 

Bupropion

AN = an antidepressant

MS = A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The compound is metabolized to pharmacologically active plasma metabolites. It is effective in the treatment of major depression and has some beneficial effects in attention-deficit hyperactive children and adults. Its major adverse effect is dose-related seizures in a small number of patients.

UI = D016642

 

 

Burial

AN = in primitive or advanced cultures, historical or modern

MS = The act or ceremony of putting a corpse into the ground or a vault, or into the sea. The custom of burial is primeval and omnipresent in all cultures and civilizations, generally accompanied by ceremonial rites.

UI = D002048

 

Burimamide

AN = a histamine H2 antag & anti-ulcer agent

MS = An antagonist of histamine that appears to block both H2 and H3 histamine receptors. It has been used in the treatment of ulcers.

UI = D002049

 

Burkholderia

AN = some species were formerly called Pseudomonas; infection = BURKHOLDERIA INFECTIONS

MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Organisms in this genus had originally been classified as members of the PSEUDOMONAS genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings indicated the need to separate them from other Pseudomonas species, and hence, this new genus was created.

UI = D019117

 

Burkholderia cepacia

AN = nosocomial & opportunistic; infection: coord IM with BURKHOLDERIA INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of BURKHOLDERIA considered to be an opportunistic human pathogen. It has been associated with various types of infections of nosocomial origin.

UI = D016956

 

Burkholderia Infections

AN = gram-neg bact infect; coord IM with species (IM)

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus BURKHOLDERIA.

UI = D019121

 

Burkholderia pseudomallei

AN = infection = MELIOIDOSIS

MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes MELIOIDOSIS. It has been isolated from soil and water in tropical regions, particularly Southeast Asia.

UI = D016957

 

Burkina Faso

AN = a republic in western Africa; X ref UPPER VOLTA was its former name

MS = A republic in western Africa, south and east of MALI and west of NIGER. Its capital is Ouagadougou. It was formerly called Upper Volta until 1984. A French protectorate was established over the region 1895-97. It was part of Upper Senegal-Niger colony until 1919 when it became a separate colony. Burkina Faso remained under French jurisdiction with varied status until it became totally independent in 1960. Its name is native, meaning land of worthy men, from burkina (worthy) + faso (land, literally father village from fa (father) + so (village)). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p191, 1273 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p85)

UI = D002050

 

Burkitt Lymphoma

AN = caused by HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN

MS = A form of undifferentiated malignant lymphoma usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.

UI = D002051

 

Burn Units

MS = Specialized hospital facilities which provide intensive care for burn patients.

UI = D002053

 

Burning Mouth Syndrome

AN = "painful oral symptoms assoc with a burning sensation"

MS = A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders.

UI = D002054

 

Burnout, Professional

AN = use Cat F3 qualif & even those with discretion

MS = An excessive stress reaction to one's occupational or professional environment. It is manifested by feelings of emotional and physical exhaustion coupled with a sense of frustration and failure.

UI = D002055

 

Burns

AN = GEN; "thermal injury"; EYE BURNS & SUNBURN are also available; burn shock: coord IM with SHOCK, TRAUMATIC (IM)

MS = Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.

UI = D002056

 

Burns, Chemical

AN = chem eye burns = BURNS, CHEMICAL (IM) + EYE BURNS /chem ind (IM)

UI = D002057

 

Burns, Electric

MS = Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity.

UI = D002058

 

Burns, Inhalation

AN = resp tract burns from heat or chemicals; SMOKE INHALATION INJURY is also available

MS = Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals.

UI = D002059

 

Bursa of Fabricius

AN = an avian lymphoid organ; usually NIM

MS = A lymphoid organ of birds that, like the thymus, develops as an epithelial outpouching of the gut but near the cloaca rather than the foregut. It atrophies at 5 or 6 months of age, persisting as a fibrous remnant in sexually mature birds. Before involution it is the site of maturation of B-lymphocytes. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002060

 

Bursa, Synovial

AN = inflammation = BURSITIS

UI = D002061

 

Bursitis

AN = a joint dis

MS = Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon. The most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002062

 

Burundi

AN = a republic in eastern Africa; X ref URUNDI was its former name

MS = A republic in eastern Africa bounded on the north by RWANDA and on the south by TANZANIA. It was formerly called Urundi. Its capital is Bujumbura. With Ruanda it was part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urundi from 1919 to 1962 when it was divided into two independent countries, Burundi and Rwanda. The name comes from the name of the people, the Barundi: Ba- is the prefix for the people, Bu- is the prefix for the country. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p194, 1034; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p86)

UI = D002063

 

Buserelin

MS = A potent and durable analog of naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

UI = D002064

 

Buspirone

AN = a serotonin agonist & anti-anxiety agent

MS = An anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the benzodiazepines, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM. The drug alleviates anxiety without causing sedation or functional impairment and does not promote abuse or physical dependence. Studies have shown that it does not possess anticonvulsant or muscle relaxant properties and does not interact significantly with central nervous system depressants.

UI = D002065

 

Busulfan

AN = an immunosuppressant & alkylating antineoplastic

MS = An alkylating agent having a selective immunosuppressive effect on bone marrow. It has been used in the palliative treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia, but although symptomatic relief is provided, no permanent remission is brought about. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), busulfan is listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D002066

 

Butaclamol

AN = an antipsychotic agent

MS = A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia.

UI = D002069

 

Butadienes

MS = Four carbon unsaturated hydrocarbons containing two double bonds.

UI = D002070

 

1-Butanol

AN = BUTANOLS is also available

UI = D020001

 

Butanols

AN = 1-BUTANOL and TERT-BUTYL ALCOHOL also available

MS = Isomeric forms and derivatives of butanol (C4H9OH).

UI = D000440

 

Buthionine Sulfoximine

MS = A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7)

UI = D019328

 

tert-Butyl Alcohol

UI = D020002

 

tert-Butylhydroperoxide

MS = A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.

UI = D020122

 

Butylene Glycols

MS = 4-carbon straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbons substituted with two hydroxyl groups. The hydroxyl groups cannot be on the same carbon atom.

UI = D002072

 

Butyric Acid

AN = BUTYRIC ACIDS is also available

MS = A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.

UI = D020148

 

4-Butyrolactone

AN = a GABA modulator

MS = Dihydro-2(3H)-furanone. An endogenous compound, made from gamma-aminobutyrate and the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, it is also used as a pharmacological agent. It apparently acts as a modulator at the picrotoxin binding site of GABA-A receptors, and may also affect GABA-B receptors. It is used mainly as an experimental tool. Among other systemic effects, it causes increase of brain dopamine by inhibiting its release from nerve terminals. It is also used as an industrial solvent and precursor.

UI = D015107

 

Butanes

AN = does not include butenes ( = ALKENES); CYCLOBUTANES is also available

UI = D002073

 

Butanones

UI = D002074

 

Butirosin Sulfate

AN = an aminoglycoside antibiotic

MS = A water-soluble aminoglycosidic antibiotic complex isolated from fermentation filtrates of Bacillus circulans. Two components (A and B) have been separated from the complex. Both are active against many gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria.

UI = D002076

 

Butorphanol

AN = an opioid analgesic

MS = A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.

UI = D002077

 

Butoxamine

AN = an adrenergic beta antag

MS = A beta-2 selective adrenergic antagonist. It is used primarily in animal and tissue experiments to characterize beta-2 receptor involvement and identify beta-2 receptors.

UI = D002078

 

Butter

AN = a dairy product & dietary fat; MARGARINE is also available

MS = The fatty portion of milk, separated as a soft yellowish solid when milk or cream is churned. It is processed for cooking and table use. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D002079

 

Butterflies

AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = Slender-bodies diurnal insects having large, broad wings often strikingly colored and patterned.

UI = D002080

 

Buttocks

AN = few qualif apply; usually NIM as site

UI = D002081

 

Butylamines

UI = D002082

 

Butylated Hydroxyanisole

AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: BHA

MS = Mixture of 2- and 3-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenols that is used as an antioxidant in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

UI = D002083

 

Butylated Hydroxytoluene

AN = an antioxidant in foods, cosmetics & drugs; D25-26 qualif; DF: BHT

MS = Antioxidant used in foods, cosmetics, petroleum products, etc. It may inhibit some neoplasms and facilitate others.

UI = D002084

 

Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine

AN = a carcinogen; D25-26 qualif

MS = A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.

UI = D002085

 

Butylscopolammonium Bromide

MS = Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.

UI = D002086

 

Butyrates

MS = Salts and esters of butyric acid

UI = D002087

 

Butyric Acids

AN = BUTYRIC ACID is also available

MS = 4-carbon acids, salts, and derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID.

UI = D002088

 

Butyrophenone Antipsychotic Agents (see Antipsychotic Agents, Butyrophenone)

 

Butyrophenones

UI = D002090

 

Butyrylcholinesterase

AN = /antag = CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS (IM) + BUTYRYLCHOLINESTERASE (NIM with no qualif)

MS = An aspect of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).

UI = D002091

 

Butyrylthiocholine

MS = N,N,N-Trimethyl-2-((1-oxobutyl)thio)-ethanaminium. A sulfur-containing analog of butyrylcholine which is hydrolyzed by butyrylcholinesterase to butyrate and thiocholine. It is used as a reagent in the determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.

UI = D002092

 

BW 284 C 51

AN = a proposed cholinesterase inhib

MS = 1,3-Di(p-N1,3-di(p-N-allyl-N-methylaminophenyl)pentane-3-one. Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.

UI = D002093

 

 

 

BW-755C

AN = a cyclooxygenase & lipoxygenase inhib & non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent

MS = A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.

UI = D015772

 

Byelarus

AN = variant spellings (Byelorussia, Belorussia, etc.) permitted in translations of historical articles; use Byelarus as spelling in translations of current articles

UI = D002094

 

Byssinosis

AN = pneumoconiosis from cotton dust fibers; do not coord with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

MS = An airway obstruction due to the dust inhaled during the processing of cotton.

UI = D002095

 

Byzantium

AN = the ancient city or empire: note X ref

MS = An ancient city, the site of modern Istanbul. From the 4th to 15th centuries the empire extended from southeastern Europe to western Asia, reaching its greatest extent under Justinian (527-565). By about 1000 A.D. it comprised the southern Balkans, Greece, Asia Minor, and parts of southern Italy. The capture of Constantinople in 1453 marked the formal end of the Byzantine Empire. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988)

UI = D018612