Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms

C

RETURN TO INDEX

 

Ca(2+) Mg(2+)-ATPase

AN = DF: CA MG ATPASE

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP and is activated by millimolar concentrations of either Ca(2+) or Mg(2+). Unlike CA(2+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE it does not require the second divalent cation for its activity, and is not sensitive to orthovanadate. (Prog Biophys Mol Biol 1988;52(1):1). A subgroup of EC 3.6.1.3.

UI = D017301

 

CA-15-3 Antigen

AN = a carbohydrate antigen assoc with various tumors & other dis; CA stands for Cancer-Associated

MS = Carbohydrate antigen elevated in patients with tumors of the breast, ovary, lung, and prostate as well as other disorders. The mucin is expressed normally by most glandular epithelia but shows particularly increased expression in the breast at lactation and in malignancy. It is thus an established serum marker for breast cancer.

UI = D018396

 

CA-19-9 Antigen

AN = a carbohydrate antigen assoc with digestive tract cancer; CA stands for Cancer-Associated

MS = Sialylated Lewis blood group carbohydrate antigen found in many adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract, especially pancreatic tumors.

UI = D018395

 

 

 

CA-125 Antigen

AN = a carbohydrate antigen assoc with various tumors but also normal tissue; CA stands for Cancer-Associated

MS = Carbohydrate antigen most commonly seen in tumors of the ovary and occasionally seen in breast, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract tumors and normal tissue. CA 125 is clearly tumor-associated but not tumor-specific.

UI = D018394

 

 

Cachexia

AN = general weight loss & wasting; WASTING SYNDROME is also available: do not make diagnoses, use words of text

MS = A profound and marked state of constitutional disorder; general ill health and malnutrition. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002100

 

 

Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase

AN = DF: ERKS

MS = A calmodulin-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on calcium. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including vimentin, synapsin, glycogen synthase, myosin light chains, and the microtubule-associated proteins. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277) EC 2.7.10.-

UI = D017871

 

Cacao

AN = as plant & as chocolate or cocoa; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2; coord IM with CANDY (IM) for chocolate candy or with BEVERAGES (IM) for chocolate drinks

MS = A tree of the family Sterculiaceae (or Byttneriaceae), usually Theobroma cacao, or its seeds, which after fermentation and roasting, yield cocoa and chocolate.

UI = D002099

 

 

 

Caco-2 Cells

AN = Caco stands for adenoCArcinoma of the COlon; check HUMAN & do not add ADENOCARCINOMA or COLONIC NEOPLASMS

MS = Human colonic adenocarcinoma cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells, such as enterocytes or mucus cells. These cells are valuable in vitro tools for studies related to intestinal cell function and differentiation.

UI = D018938

 

 

 

 

Cacodylic Acid

AN = an herbicide

MS = An arsenical that has been used as a dermatologic agent and as an herbicide.

UI = D002101

 

Cadaver

AN = IM; use of cadaveric organs in transpl is NIM; do not use for post mortem studies ( = probably AUTOPSY if as a technique); not for routine postmortem pathol ( = probably /pathol); must be on cadaver as a corpse; no qualif

UI = D002102

 

Cadaverine

MS = 1,5-Pentanediamine. A foul-smelling diamine formed by bacterial decarboxylation of lysine.

UI = D002103

 

 

 

 

 

Cadherins

AN = glycoproteins in calcium-dependent cell-to-cell adhesion, the action being the source of the name: Calcium-dependent ADHesion; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A group of functionally related glycoproteins responsible for the calcium-dependent cell-to-cell adhesion mechanism. They are divided into subclasses E-, P-, and N-cadherins, which are distinct in immunological specificity and tissue distribution. They promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These compounds play a role in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.

UI = D015820

 

 

Cadmium

AN = Cd-114; Cd-106, 108, 110-113, 116 = CADMIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Cd-103-105, 107, 109, 115, 117-119 = CADMIUM RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

MS = An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.

UI = D002104

 

Cadmium Chloride

MS = A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

UI = D019256

 

Cadmium Compounds

AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CADMIUM CPDS

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain cadmium as an integral part of the molecule.

UI = D019187

 

 

 

Cadmium Poisoning

AN = occup cadmium pois: coord IM with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES (IM) but not also ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE (see note there)

MS = Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.

UI = D002105

 

Cadmium Radioisotopes

AN = Cd-103-105, 107, 109, 115, 117-119; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

MS = Unstable isotopes of cadmium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cd atoms with atomic weights 103-105, 107, 109, 115, and 117-119 are radioactive cadmium isotopes.

UI = D002106

 

Caenorhabditis

AN = a genus of nematodes used in exper

MS = A genus of small free-living nematodes. Two species, CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS and C. briggsae are much used in studies of genetics, development, aging, muscle chemistry, and neuroanatomy.

UI = D002107

 

Caenorhabditis elegans

AN = a species of nematode used in exper

MS = A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.

UI = D017173

 

 

Caerulein

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; do not confuse X ref CERULEIN with CERULENIN

MS = A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.

UI = D002108

 

 

Caffeic Acids

AN = "involved in plant growth regulation"

MS = 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acids. A class of phenolic acids related to chlorogenic acid,p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, etc., which are found in plant tissues. It is involved in plant growth regulation.

UI = D002109

 

Caffeine

AN = a CNS stimulant

MS = A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling.

UI = D002110

 

Cafe-au-Lait Spots

AN = a pigmentation disord; spell in titles & translations with hyphens & accent: cafâe-au-lait

MS = Pigmented macules of a distinctive light brown color, like coffee with milk, as in NEUROFIBROMATOSIS and Albright's syndrome (see FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC). (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019080

 

 

Calcaneus

AN = the heel-bone: differentiate from HEEL, the area

MS = The largest of the tarsal bones and is situated at the lower and back part of the foot forming the heel.

UI = D002111

 

Calcifediol

AN = a major metabolite of vitamin D3; /physiol permitted

MS = The major circulating metabolite of vitamin D3 produced in the liver and the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of rickets and osteomalacia, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties.

UI = D002112

 

Calcification, Physiologic

AN = TOOTH CALCIFICATION is also available; DF: CALCIFICATION PHYSIOL

MS = Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.

UI = D002113

 

Calcimycin

AN = an uncoupling agent & antibiotic

MS = An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.

UI = D000001

 

 

Calcineurin

AN = a calcium- & calmodulin-binding protein in the CNS; DF: note short X ref

MS = A calcium- and calmodulin-binding protein present in highest concentrations in the central nervous system. Calcineurin is composed of two subunits. A catalytic subunit, calcineurin A, and a regulatory subunit, calcineurin B, with molecular weights of about 60 kD and 19 kD, respectively. Calcineurin has been shown to dephosphorylate a number of phosphoproteins including histones, myosin light chain, and the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. It is involved in the regulation of signal transduction and is the target of an important class of immunophilin-immunosuppressive drug complexes in T-lymphocytes that act by inhibiting T-cell activation. EC 3.1.3.-.

UI = D019703

 

 

Calcinosis

AN = deposition of calcium salts in tissues; most texts will say "calcification"; coord IM with organ/diseases term (IM); for calcinosis of the heart, coord IM with MYOCARDIAL DISEASES (IM), not HEART DISEASES

MS = Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.

UI = D002114

 

Calciphylaxis

AN = hypersensitivity with sudden local calcification

MS = Condition of induced systemic hypersensitivity in which tissues respond to appropriate challenging agents with a sudden local calcification.

UI = D002115

 

Calcitonin

AN = a neurotransmitter hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults.

UI = D002116

 

 

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide

AN = a neurotransmitter; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: CGRP

MS = Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.

UI = D015740

 

 

 

Calcitriol

AN = /defic permitted but coord IM with VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY (IM)

MS = The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (CALCIFEDIOL). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption.

UI = D002117

 

Calcium

AN = Ca-40; /antag permitted but consider also CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; /blood: note see related terms; /defic: consider also HYPOCALCEMIA & note that CALCIUM, DIETARY is also available; /metab: consider also CALCIUM CHANNELS & CALCIUM PUMP: see CA(2+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE; metab disord = CALCIUM METABOLISM DISORDERS; CALCIUM SIGNALING is available for calcium mobilization in the context of signal transduction

MS = A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

UI = D002118

 

Calcium Carbonate

AN = occurs in nature as chalk, limestone or marble; used in med as a buffer in hemodialysis

MS = Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.

UI = D002119

 

Calcium Channel Agonists

AN = vasoconstrictors; DF: CALCIUM CHANNEL AGON or CALCIUM CHANNEL AG

MS = Agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues. This causes vasoconstriction in vascular smooth muscle and/or cardiac muscle cells as well as stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic islets. Therefore, tissue-selective calcium agonists have the potential to combat cardiac failure and endocrinological disorders. They have been used primarily in experimental studies in cell and tissue culture.

UI = D002120

 

Calcium Channel Blockers

AN = vasodilators; D25-26 qualif; DF: CA CHANNEL BLOCK

MS = A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms.

UI = D002121

 

 

Calcium Channels

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: CA CHANNELS

MS = Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L, T, N, or P types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins.

UI = D015220

 

 

Calcium Chloride

AN = a calcium replenisher; antidote in magnesium pois

MS = Calcium chloride (CaCl2). A salt that occurs as white, hard fragments or granules. It is used as a calcium replenisher, administered intravenously, has been used as an acid-producing diuretic and urinary acidifier and to control bleeding in such conditions as purpura, intestinal bleeding, and small multiple hemorrhages. It is also a specific antidote for magnesium poisoning, administered intravenously. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002122

 

 

Calcium Citrate

AN = occurs in citrus fruits; a flavoring agent & antioxidant

MS = A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D019355

 

 

 

Calcium Compounds

AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CALCIUM CPDS

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain calcium as an integral part of the molecule.

UI = D017610

 

 

Calcium Dobesilate

AN = a hemostatic

MS = A drug used to reduce hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy.

UI = D002123

 

Calcium Fluoride

AN = in nature as mineral fluorite or fluorspar; used in fluoridation of drinking water

MS = Calcium fluoride. Occurring in nature as the mineral fluorite or fluorspar. It is the primary source of fluorine and its compounds. Pure calcium fluoride is used as a catalyst in dehydration and dehydrogenation and is used to fluoridate drinking water. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D002124

 

Calcium Gluconate

MS = D-Gluconic acid calcium salt (2:1). The calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states.

UI = D002125

 

Calcium Hydroxide

AN = wide use in med, agric & industry

MS = Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). A white powder that has many therapeutic uses. Because of its ability to stimulate mineralization, it is found in many dental formulations.

UI = D002126

 

Calcium Isotopes

AN = Ca-42-44, 46, 48; NIM; no qualif

MS = Stable calcium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element calcium, but differ in atomic weight. Ca-42-44, 46, and 48 are stable calcium isotopes.

UI = D002127

 

Calcium Metabolism Disorders

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CALCIUM METAB DIS

MS = Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.

UI = D002128

 

Calcium Oxalate

AN = OXALATES is also available

MS = The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.

UI = D002129

 

Calcium Phosphates

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; often used as calcium supplement

MS = Calcium salts of phosphoric acid. These compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements.

UI = D002130

 

Calcium Pyrophosphate

AN = affects calcium metab in mammals; deposition = CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE DIHYDRATE DEPOSITION see CHONDROCALCINOSIS

MS = Diphosphoric acid, calcium salt. An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably hypophosphatasia and pseudogout.

UI = D002131

 

Calcium Radioisotopes

AN = Ca-37-39, 41, 45, 47, 49, 50; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

MS = Unstable isotopes of calcium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ca atoms with atomic weights 39, 41, 45, 47, 49, and 50 are radioactive calcium isotopes.

UI = D002132

 

Calcium Signaling

AN = calcium mobilization in context of signal transduction goes here, in other cases index CALCIUM/metab

MS = Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.

UI = D020013

 

 

 

 

Calcium Sulfate

AN = note X refs; use in indust, & dent & med technol; do not confuse selenite, a form of calcium sulfate, with SELENITE see SODIUM SELENITE, a selenium cpd

MS = It exists in an anhydrous form and in various states of hydration: the hemihydrate is plaster of Paris, the dihydrate is gypsum. It is used in building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient.

UI = D002133

 

Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: CABP

MS = A protein that plays a fundamental role in the Vitamin D mediated transport of calcium in reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals. It is found in the intestine, kidneys, egg shell gland, brain, and possibly other organs. Its molecular weight is species dependent.

UI = D002134

 

Calcium-Binding Proteins

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

MS = Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins or activator proteins.

UI = D002135

 

Calcium, Dietary

AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with disease /diet ther

MS = Calcium compounds used as food supplements or in food to supply the body with calcium. Dietary calcium is needed during growth for bone development and for maintenance of skeletal integrity later in life to prevent osteoporosis.

UI = D002136

 

Calculi

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; coord IM with organ/diseases term (IM); chem composition of calculi: use /chem; /ultrastruct permitted; chemolysis of calculi: coord dis with /ther, not /drug ther

MS = An abnormal concretion occurring within the animal body and usually composed of mineral salts.

UI = D002137

 

Calibration

AN = NIM; coord with specific scale (IM) if relevant

MS = Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency or other output.

UI = D002138

 

Caliciviridae

AN = a family of RNA viruses; from "calic-", cup, from its cup-like appearance under staining; infection = CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

MS = A family of RNA viruses. They possess a characteristic six-pointed starlike shape whose surfaces have cup-shaped (chalice) indentions. They differ from picornaviruses in size and shape, and most importantly, in genomic expression during replication cycles. Caliciviruses include the HEPATITIS E VIRUS, VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE VIRUS, San Miguel sea lion viruses, feline calicivirus (CALICIVIRUS, FELINE), NORWALK VIRUS, and the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE VIRUS, RABBIT).

UI = D002139

 

Caliciviridae Infections

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E, VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE, acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.

UI = D017250

 

Calicivirus

AN = a genus of the family Caliciviridae; infection = CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

MS = A genus in the family Caliciviridae containing many species including feline calicivirus (CALICIVIRUS, FELINE), VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE VIRUS, and San Miguel sea lion viruses.

UI = D017926

 

Calicivirus, Feline

AN = a species of Calicivirus; infection: coord IM with CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of the genus CALICIVIRUS, an RNA virus infecting cats. Transmission occurs via air and mechanical contact.

UI = D017927

 

 

 

California

AN = LOS ANGELES is also available

UI = D002140

 

California Group Viruses

AN = a group of encephalitis viruses of the genus Bunyavirus; infection = ENCEPHALITIS, CALIFORNIA; DF: note short X ref

MS = A group of viruses in the BUNYAVIRUS genus of the BUNYAVIRIDAE family. They are found in temperate and arctic regions and each is closely associated with a single species of vector mosquito. The vertebrate hosts are usually small mammals but several virus species infect humans.

UI = D002141

 

Californium

AN = man-made radioactive element; IM

MS = Californium. A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cf, atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Californium has medical use as a radiation source for radiotherapy.

UI = D002142

 

 

 

 

Callimiconinae

AN = New World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A subfamily of the family of New World monkeys, CEBIDAE, inhabiting the upper Amazon basin. Members of the genus Callimico (Goeldi's marmosets) constitute this subfamily.

UI = D016647

 

 

Callitrichinae

AN = New World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A subfamily of the order PRIMATES that consists of four genera: CALLITHRIX (marmosets), Cebuella (pygmy marmosets), Leontopithecus (golden tamarins), and SAGUINUS (tamarins). The members of this subfamily inhabit the tropical forests of South and Central America.

UI = D002143

 

Callithrix

AN = New World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A genus of CALLITRICHINAE occurring in forests of Brazil and Bolivia and containing eight species. They are C. jacchus (common marmoset), C. argentata (black-tailed marmoset), C. chrysoleuca (yellow-legged or golden marmoset), C. aurita (white-eared marmoset), C. flaviceps (buff-headed marmoset), C. penicillata (black-pencilled or black-eared marmoset), C. geoffroyi (white-fronted or Geoffrey's marmoset) and C. santaremensis (Santarem marmoset).

UI = D002144

 

Callosities

AN = callous goes here: do not confuse with CALLUS, post-fract bone formation

MS = Localized hyperplasia of the horny layer of the epidermis due to pressure or friction. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002145

 

Callus

AN = post-fract bone formation; do not confuse with "callous" ( = CALLOSITIES)

MS = An unorganized meshwork of woven bone developed on the pattern of the original fibrin clot, which is formed following fracture of a bone and is normally ultimately replaced by hard adult bone. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002146

 

Calmodulin

AN = a calcium-binding protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.

UI = D002147

 

Calmodulin-Binding Proteins

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

MS = Proteins which bind calmodulin. They are found in many tissues and have a variety of functions including F-actin cross-linking properties, inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and calcium and magnesium ATPases.

UI = D002148

 

Caloric Tests

AN = vestib funct test using heat or cold; note X ref: spell in titles & transl with accents: Bâarâany

MS = Elicitation of a rotatory nystagmus by stimulating the semicircular canals with water or air which is above or below body temperature. In warm caloric stimulation a rotatory nystagmus is developed toward the side of the stimulated ear; in cold, away from the stimulated side. Absence of nystagmus indicates the labyrinth is not functioning.

UI = D002150

 

Calorimetry

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM

MS = The measurement of the quantity of heat involved in various processes, such as chemical reactions, changes of state, and formations of solutions, or in the determination of the heat capacities of substances. The fundamental unit of measurement is the joule or the calorie (4.184 joules). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002151

 

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: CALORIMETRY DIFFER SCAN

MS = Differential thermal analysis in which the sample compartment of the apparatus is a differential calorimeter, allowing an exact measure of the heat of transition independent of the specific heat, thermal conductivity, and other variables of the sample.

UI = D002152

 

Calorimetry, Indirect

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM

MS = Calculation of the energy expenditure in the form of heat production of the whole body or individual organs based on respiratory gas exchange.

UI = D002153

 

Calpain

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including neuropeptides, cytoskeletal proteins, proteins from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, liver, platelets and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase.

UI = D002154

 

Calsequestrin

AN = a muscle protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Acidic protein found in sarcoplasmic reticulum that binds calcium to the extent of 700-900 nmoles/mg. It plays the role of sequestering calcium transported to the interior of the intracellular vesicle.

UI = D002155

 

 

 

Calymmatobacterium

AN = infection: probably GRANULOMA INGUINALE or other granuloma, otherwise coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: CALYMMATOBACT

MS = A genus of bacteria causing GRANULOMA INGUINALE and other granulomatous lesions.

UI = D002157

 

Camallanina

AN = a suborder of nematodes; infection: coord IM with SPIRURIDA INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A suborder of nematodes characterized by larvae lacking cephalic hooks and a tail that is generally long and pointed.

UI = D017175

 

 

Cambendazole

AN = an antinematodal agent

MS = A nematocide effective against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites in cattle, sheep, and horses.

UI = D002159

 

Cambodia

UI = D002160

 

Camelids, New World

AN = note X refs; IM; qualif permitted

MS = Ruminant mammals of South America. They are related to camels.

UI = D002161

 

Camels

AN = IM; qualif permitted

UI = D002162

 

Cameroon

AN = a republic in central Africa

MS = A republic in central Africa lying east of CHAD and the CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC. Its capital is Yaounde. As the Cameroons, it existed from 1884 under German, British, French, and UN mandates until it achieved independence in 1960. It united with the former British trust territory of Southern Cameroons in 1961. Its name is from the river that runs through it, Rio dos Camaroes, river of prawns, so called by 16th century Portuguese explorers impressed by the abundance of prawns in its waters. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p208 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p93)

UI = D002163

 

Camphor

AN = an antipruritic & local anti-infective agent

MS = A ketone obtained from the wood of Cinnamomum camphora, an evergreen tree native to eastern Asia, or produced synthetically, with a penetrating characteristic odor and a pungent, aromatic taste. It is applied topically to the skin as an antipruritic and anti-infective and is used as a pharmaceutic necessity in certain pharmaceutic preparations. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002164

 

Camphor 5-Monooxygenase

AN = a cytochrome P-450 enzyme

MS = A monooxygenase heme-thiolate (cytochrome P-450) with camphor bound at the active site. It acts as the terminal monooxygenase in the d-camphor monooxygenase system. Under anaerobic conditions, this enzyme reduces the polyhalogenated compounds bound at the camphor-binding site. Additionally, it is the only cytochrome P-450 enzyme with a known crystal structure. (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86(20):7823-7; Proteins 1991;11(3):184-204) EC 1.14.15.1.

UI = D019475

 

 

Camping

MS = Living outdoors as a recreational activity.

UI = D002165

 

Camptothecin

MS = An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA TOPOISOMERASE. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity.

UI = D002166

 

Campylobacter

AN = infection = CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS; do not confuse CAMPYLOBACTER PYLORI see HELICOBACTER PYLORI with true Campylobacter species indented; C. pylori infect = HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM) + HELICOBACTER PYLORI (IM)

MS = A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic.

UI = D002167

 

 

Campylobacter coli

AN = in intestines of man, swine & poultry; infection: coord IM with CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract of swine, poultry, and man. It may be pathogenic.

UI = D017000

 

 

 

 

Campylobacter fetus

AN = causes abortion in cattle & sheep; infection: coord IM with CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of bacteria present in man and many kinds of animals and birds, often causing infertility and/or abortion.

UI = D002168

 

 

 

Campylobacter Infections

AN = gram-neg bact infect

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus CAMPYLOBACTER.

UI = D002169

 

 

 

Campylobacter jejuni

AN = causes abortion in sheep & enteritis in man & other animals; infection: coord IM with CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of bacteria that resemble small tightly coiled spirals. Its organisms are known to cause abortion in sheep and fever and enteritis in man and may be associated with enteric diseases of calves, lambs, and other animals.

UI = D016123

 

Canada

AN = each of the provinces & territories is available as a heading

MS = The largest country in North America, comprising 10 provinces and two territories. Its capital is Ottawa. It was discovered by Norsemen as early as 1000 A.D. and was the object of Anglo-French rivalry in the 17th century, but by 1867 became one dominion. Canada is from an indigenous Huron or Iroquois word, kanata, meaning camp or village. The French explorers assumed this was the name of the entire country. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p210 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p94)

UI = D002170

 

Canaries

AN = IM; qualif permitted

UI = D002171

 

 

Canavan Disease

AN = a demyelinating dis & leukodystrophy; do not confuse X ref CANAVAN-VAN BOGAERT-BERTRAN SYNDROME with VAN BOGAERT'S LEUKOENCEPHALITIS see SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS; DF: CANAVAN DIS

MS = Spongy degeneration of cerebral white matter, a rare autosomal recessive form of leukodystrophy. It is characterized by early onset, widespread demyelination and vacuolation of the white matter that gives rise to a spongy appearance, severe mental retardation, megalocephaly, atony of the neck muscles, spasticity of the extremities, and blindness. Death occurs at about 18 months of age. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D017825

 

 

 

 

Canavanine

AN = an amino acid

UI = D002172

 

Cancer Care Facilities

MS = Institutions specializing in the care of cancer patients.

UI = D002173

 

 

Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1245)

UI = D015266

Cardiac Output, High

AN = note category: do not confuse with CARDIAC OUTPUT, a physiol concept

MS = A state of elevated cardiac output. Conditions that lower peripheral vascular resistance, such as anemia, arteriovenous fistulas, thyrotoxicosis, and pregnancy, are among the most important factors augmenting the venous return and therefore elevating cardiac output. Increased cardiac output also occurs in muscular exercise, fever, and severe anoxia.

UI = D016534

 

Cancer Vaccines

AN = coord IM with specific cancer histol type (IM) + organ/neopl precoord (IM)

MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent or treat cancer. Vaccines are produced using the patient's own whole tumor cells as the source of antigens, or using tumor-specific antigens, often recombinantly produced.

UI = D019496

 

 

 

 

Candicidin

AN = a macrolide antifungal antibiotic

MS = Mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides from Streptomyces griseus or Actinomyces levoris used topically in candidiasis. The antibiotic complex is composed of candicidins A, B, C, and D, of which D is the major component.

UI = D002174

 

Candida

AN = infection = CANDIDIASIS or its indentions; for specific mycoses in scope note: coord CANDIDIASIS (IM) or its indentions (IM) with specific mycosis (IM)

MS = A genus of yeast-like mitosporic Saccharomycetales fungi characterized by producing yeast cells, mycelia, pseudomycelia, and blastophores. It is commonly part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina, but can cause a variety of infections, including CANDIDIASIS, ONYCHOMYCOSIS, vulvovaginal candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, VULVOVAGINAL), and thrush (see CANDIDIASIS, ORAL). (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002175

 

Candida albicans

AN = infection = CANDIDIASIS or its indentions & do not coord with CANDIDA ALBICANS unless particularly discussed

MS = A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing CANDIDIASIS (moniliasis).

UI = D002176

 

Candidiasis

AN = fungus dis; do not bother to coord with CANDIDA or CANDIDA ALBICANS

MS = Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002177

 

Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous

AN = fungus dis of skin; do not bother to coord with CANDIDA or CANDIDA ALBICANS

MS = A clinical syndrome characterized by development, usually in infancy or childhood, of a chronic, often widespread candidiasis of skin, nails, and mucous membranes. It may be secondary to one of the immunodeficiency syndromes, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, or associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity, endocrine disorders, dental stomatitis, or malignancy.

UI = D002178

 

Candidiasis, Cutaneous

AN = fungus dis of skin; do not bother to coord with CANDIDA or CANDIDA ALBICANS

MS = Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002179

 

Candidiasis, Oral

AN = fungus dis of mouth; do not bother to coord with CANDIDA or CANDIDA ALBICANS

MS = Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002180

 

Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal

AN = fungus dis; do not bother to coord with CANDIDA or CANDIDA ALBICANS

MS = Infection of the vulva and vagina with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.

UI = D002181

 

Candy

MS = Sweet food products combining cane or beet sugars with other carbohydrates and chocolate, milk, eggs, and various flavorings. In the United States, candy refers to both sugar- and cocoa-based confections and is differentiated from sweetened baked goods; elsewhere the terms sugar confectionary, chocolate confectionary, and flour confectionary (meaning goods such as cakes and pastries) are used.

UI = D002182

 

Canes

MS = Sticks used as walking aids. The canes may have three or four prongs at the end of the shaft.

UI = D002183

 

Canid Herpesvirus 1 (see Herpesvirus 1, Canid)

 

Cannabidiol

AN = an anticonvulsant

MS = 2-(3-Methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)-5-pentyl-1,3-benzenediol. Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.

UI = D002185

 

Cannabinoids

AN = hallucinogens

MS = Compounds extracted from Cannabis sativa L. and metabolites having the cannabinoid structure. The most active constituents are TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL, CANNABINOL, and CANNABIDIOL.

UI = D002186

 

Cannabinol

MS = A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L.

UI = D002187

 

Cannabis

AN = plant only; X ref HEMP refers to commercial fiber; note X refs for names of preparations derived from the plant; for chemicals derived from CANNABIS, consider CANNABINOIDS; marijuana ther of dis = CANNABIS with no qualif (IM) + dis /drug ther (IM)

MS = The hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Products prepared from the dried flowering tops of the plant include marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja.

UI = D002188

 

(see also Marijuana Abuse)

 

Cannibalism

AN = animal and human

MS = Eating other individuals of one's own species.

UI = D002190

 

Canrenoate Potassium

AN = an aldosterone antag

MS = A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.

UI = D002191

 

Canrenone

AN = an aldosterone antag

MS = A synthetic pregnadiene compound with anti-aldosterone activity.

UI = D002192

 

Cantharidin

MS = A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.

UI = D002193

 

 

 

Canthaxanthin

AN = a pigment & antioxidant

MS = A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. It is believed that it inhibits development of tumor cells and neoplastic transformation through its antioxidant properties. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.

UI = D016644

 

 

 

 

Capgras Syndrome

AN = a psychosis wherein patient thinks familiar persons are doubles of themselves or imposters

MS = A psychotic disorder characterized by the patient's conviction that certain important or familiar persons in his environment are not real but are "doubles" of themselves or imposters.

UI = D002194

 

Capillaria

AN = a genus of nematodes in liver & intestines of birds & mammals including man; infection: coord IM with ENOPLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A genus of trichuroid nematodes parasitic in the liver and intestines of many mammals and birds. Two species, C. hepatica and C. philippinensis, produce often fatal infections in man.

UI = D002195

 

Capillaries

AN = IM GEN only; NIM as coord with specific organ /blood supply; not for lymphatic capillaries

MS = The minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules.

UI = D002196

 

Capillarity

AN = a surface property; NIM

MS = The action by which the surface of a liquid where it contacts a solid is elevated or depressed, because of the relative attraction of the molecules of the liquid for each other and for those of the solid. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002197

 

Capillary Fragility

MS = The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress.

UI = D002198

 

Capillary Leak Syndrome

AN = "extravasation of plasma fluid & proteins into the extravasc space"

MS = Extravasation of plasma fluid and proteins into the extravascular space, resulting in sometimes fatal hypotension and reduced oxygen perfusion (Dorland, 28th ed). Clinical capillary leak syndrome is observed in patients who demonstrate a state of generalized leaky capillaries following shock syndromes, low-flow states, ischemia-reperfusion injuries, toxemias, or poisoning. It can lead to generalized edema and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. (Zikria, et al. (eds.), Reperfusion Injuries and Clinical Capillary Leak Syndrome, pp. 470-72, 1994)

UI = D019559

 

 

 

 

Capillary Permeability

AN = coord with substance /pharmacokin (IM)

MS = Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement.

UI = D002199

 

Capillary Resistance

AN = vasc resistance at capillary level

MS = The resistance offered to the flow of blood through the capillary portion of the peripheral vascular bed.

UI = D002200

 

Capital Expenditures

AN = not restricted to health care; NIM

MS = Those funds disbursed for facilities and equipment, particularly those related to the delivery of health care.

UI = D002201

 

Capital Financing

MS = Institutional funding for facilities and for equipment which becomes a part of the assets of the institution.

UI = D002202

 

Capital Punishment

AN = X ref ELECTROCUTION, JUDICIAL: do not index also under the electricity aspect unless particularly discussed

MS = The use of the death penalty for certain crimes.

UI = D002203

 

Capitation Fee

AN = "capitation" refers to "a fixed per capita amt without regard to no. or nature of serv provided"

MS = A method of payment for health services in which an individual or institutional provider is paid a fixed, per capita amount without regard to the actual number or nature of services provided to each patient.

UI = D002204

 

Caplan's Syndrome

AN = "pneumoconiosis assoc with rheum arthritis"; do not coord with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

MS = Pneumoconiosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

UI = D002205

 

Capnocytophaga

AN = an oral bacterium; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A gram-negative gliding bacterium isolated from the oral cavity. It is a pathogen for PERIODONTITIS.

UI = D002206

 

 

Capnography

AN = to measure concentration of exhaled CO2; DF: CAPNOGR

MS = Monitoring the concentration of exhaled carbon dioxide in order to assess the physiologic status of patients with acute respiratory problems or who are receiving mechanical ventilation and to determine the adequacy of ventilation in anesthetized patients. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019296

 

 

Capreomycin Sulfate

AN = a peptide antituberc antibiotic

MS = Cyclic peptide antibiotic similar to VIOMYCIN. It is produced by Streptomyces capreolus.

UI = D002207

 

 

Capripoxvirus

AN = a genus of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae; affects sheep & cattle as well as goats (Latin capri-); infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of the family POXVIRIDAE, subfamily CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, comprising poxviruses infecting sheep, goats, and cattle. Transmission is usually mechanical by arthropods, but also includes contact, airborne routes, and non-living reservoirs (fomites).

UI = D018151

 

Caproates

UI = D002208

 

Caprolactam

MS = Hexahydro-2H-azepin-2-one. Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.

UI = D002209

 

Caprylates

UI = D002210

 

Capsaicin

MS = Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae.

UI = D002211

 

Capsicum

AN = = a genus of pepper as food, condiment & rubefacient; includes Tabasco & jalape no; note pepper X refs: do not confuse with genus Piper for BLACK PEPPER see SPICES & WHITE PEPPER see SPICES; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = A genus of Solanaceous shrubs that yield CAPSAICIN. Several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried.

UI = D002212

 

Capsid

AN = a shell of protein protecting viral nucleic acid; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

MS = The shell of protein that protects the nucleic acid of a virus. It may have helical or icosahedral symmetry and is composed of structural units, or capsomers. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002213

 

Capsules

AN = IM for general only, qualif permitted; NIM (no qualif) with specific drug IM (with qualif); /adv eff permitted but be careful: it may be the adv eff of the drug in capsule form, not the capsule; note X ref MICROCAPSULES: do not confuse with MICROENCAPSULATION see DRUG COMPOUNDING

MS = Hard or soft, soluble containers of a suitable substance, for enclosing a dose of medicine, usually for oral administration. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002214

 

Capsulorhexis

AN = incision of the lens during cataract surg; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with PHACOEMULSIFICATION unless particularly discussed

MS = The making of a continuous circular tear in the anterior capsule during cataract surgery in order to allow expression or phacoemulsification of the nucleus of the lens. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019923

 

 

 

Captan

AN = an indust fungicide

MS = An industrial fungicide.

UI = D002215

 

Captopril

AN = an ACE inhib & antihypertensive

MS = An orally active inhibitor of angiotensin I-converting enzyme. It reduces elevated blood pressure by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system and also inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin I.

UI = D002216

 

Carbachol

MS = A slowly hydrolyzed cholinergic agonist that acts at both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.

UI = D002217

 

Carbadox

AN = an anti-infective

MS = An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)

UI = D002218

 

Carbamates

MS = Salts or esters of carbamic acid. They contain the general formula NH2-COO-. (From Merck, 11th ed)

UI = D002219

 

Carbamazepine

MS = An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of PHENYTOIN; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar.

UI = D002220

 

Carbamyl Phosphate

MS = Phosphate salt of carbamic acid.

UI = D002221

 

Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia)

AN = /defic: consider AMMONIA /blood (IM) + AMINO ACID METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS (IM); DF: AMMONIA CP SYNTHASE

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ATP, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. This enzyme is specific for arginine biosynthesis or the urea cycle. EC 6.3.4.16.

UI = D002222

 

Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Glutamine-Hydrolyzing)

AN = DF: GLUTAMINE CP SYNTHASE

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ATP, carbon dioxide, and glutamine. This enzyme is important in the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines. EC 6.3.5.5.

UI = D002223

 

Carbanilides

UI = D002224

 

 

 

Carbapenems

MS = A group of beta-lactam antibiotics in which the sulfur atom in the thiazolidine ring of the penicillin molecule is replaced by a carbon atom. THIENAMYCINS are a subgroup of carbapenems which have a sulfur atom as the first constituent of the side chain.

UI = D015780

 

 

 

Carbaryl

AN = a cholinesterase inhib; TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.

UI = D012721

 

 

 

Carbazilquinone

AN = an alkylating antineoplastic

MS = An alkylating agent structurally similar to MITOMYCIN C and found to be effective in the treatment of leukemia and various other neoplasms in mice. It causes leukemia and thrombocytopenia in almost all human patients.

UI = D002225

 

Carbazoles

UI = D002227

 

Carbenicillin

AN = a penicillin G

MS = Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.

UI = D002228

 

Carbenoxolone

AN = an anti-ulcer agent from licorice root; /biosyn permitted if by plant

MS = An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.

UI = D002229

 

Carbidopa

AN = a dopa decarboxylase inhib & antiparkinson agent

MS = A peripheral inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE. It is given in parkinsonism along with LEVODOPA to inhibit the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby reducing the peripheral adverse effects, increasing the amount of levodopa that reaches the central nervous system, and reducing the dose needed. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.

UI = D002230

 

Carbimazole

AN = a thyroid antag

MS = An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.

UI = D002231

 

Carbocyanines

AN = a dye; D25-26 qualif

MS = Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.

UI = D002232

 

Carbocysteine

AN = an expectorant

MS = A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.

UI = D002233

 

Carbodiimides

AN = do not confuse CARBODIIMIDES (a group term) with "carbodiimide" (a specific chemical)

UI = D002234

 

Carbofuran

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D002235

 

Carbohydrate-Deficient Glycoprotein Syndrome

AN = an inborn error of carbohydrate metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: CARB DEFIC GLYCOPROTEIN SYNDROME CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism manifesting as a genetic multisystem disorder of autosomal recessive inheritance. A predominant feature is severe central and peripheral nervous system involvement resulting in psychomotor retardation, seizures, cerebellar ataxia, and other symptoms which include growth retardation, retinitis pigmentosa, hypothyroidism, and fatty liver. The notable biochemical feature is the deficiency of a large number of blood glycoproteins and decreased activities of various blood coagulation factors.

UI = D018981

 

 

 

Carbohydrate Conformation

AN = IM general only; coord NIM with specific carbohydrate (IM); do not confuse CARBOHYDRATE LINKAGE see CARBOHYDRATE CONFORMATION with CARBOHYDRATE SEQUENCE: conform = spatial or 3-dimensional struct, sequ = order in which components are arranged

MS = The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.

UI = D002236

 

Carbohydrate Dehydrogenases

MS = Reversibly catalyze the oxidation of a hydroxyl group of carbohydrates to form a keto sugar, aldehyde or lactone. Any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. Includes EC 1.1.1.; EC 1.1.2.; and 1.1.99.

UI = D002237

 

Carbohydrate Epimerases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the epimerization of chiral centers within carbohydrates or their derivatives. EC 5.1.3.

UI = D002238

 

Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific carbohydrate /metab (IM); FRUCTOSE METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS & PYRUVATE METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are also available; DF: CARB METAB INBORN ERR CATALOG: do not use /in inf

UI = D002239

 

Carbohydrate Sequence

AN = IM for general only; coord NIM with specific carbohydrate (IM); do not confuse with CARBOHYDRATE LINKAGE see CARBOHYDRATE CONFORMATION: sequ = order in which components are arranged, conform = spatial or 3-dimensional struct; when to index with MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA: see note there; DF: CARB SEQ

MS = The sequence of carbohydrates within polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

UI = D002240

 

Carbohydrates

AN = GEN only; avoid: prefer specifics; glucides go here but could also be GLYCOSIDES; carbohydrates in the diet = DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES

MS = A class of aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, Cn(H2O)n. The most important include the small sugars as well as the large starches, glycogens, celluloses, and gums. Carbohydrates with reference to nutrition and diet are DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002241

 

Carbohydrates and Hypoglycemic Agents

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

MS = A collective term for carbohydrates and agents used to lower the level of glucose in the blood.

UI = D002242

 

Carbolines

MS = A group of pyridoindole compounds. Allowed are any points of fusion of pyridine with the five-membered ring of indole and any derivatives of these compounds.

UI = D002243

 

Carbon

AN = C-12

MS = A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight 12.011. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND, CHARCOAL, and GRAPHITE.

UI = D002244

 

Carbon Compounds, Inorganic

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain carbon as an integral part of the molecule but are not derived from hydrocarbons.

UI = D017554

 

 

 

Carbon Dioxide

AN = in respiration, /physiol permitted; /metab permitted for cell & tissue resp & non-lung tissue but do not use /metab for gas exchange in lung ( = PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE) or blood CO2 transport ( = /blood but consider also HYPERCAPNIA & HYPOCAPNIA)

MS = A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

UI = D002245

 

Carbon Disulfide

AN = a poisonous liquid; a solvent & counterirritant

MS = Carbon disulfide (CS2). A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.

UI = D002246

 

Carbon Isotopes

AN = C-13; NIM; no qualif

MS = Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

UI = D002247

 

Carbon Monoxide

AN = a poisonous gas; /tox permitted but consider also CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING

MS = Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D002248

 

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

MS = Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.

UI = D002249

 

Carbon Radioisotopes

AN = C-10,11,14-16; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

MS = Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

UI = D002250

 

Carbon Tetrachloride

AN = /tox permitted but consider also CARBON TETRACHLORIDE POISONING; DF: CCL4

MS = Tetrachloromethane. A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D002251

 

Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning

AN = DF: CCL4 POIS

UI = D002252

 

 

Carbon-Carbon Double Bond Isomerases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the shifting of a carbon-carbon double bond from one position to another within the same molecule. EC 5.3.3.

UI = D019748

 

Carbon-Carbon Lyases

AN = DF: C C LYASES

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. This subclass contains the DECARBOXYLASES, the ALDEHYDE-LYASES, and the OXO-ACID-LYASES. EC 4.1.

UI = D019755

 

Carbon-Oxygen Ligases

AN = do not confuse with CARBON-OXYGEN LYASES; DF: C O LIGASES

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-oxygen bond. EC 6.1.

UI = D019729

 

 

 

Carbon-Oxygen Lyases

AN = DF: C O LYASES

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.2.

UI = D019757

 

 

Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases

AN = DF: C N LIGASES

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.

UI = D019731

 

 

Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases

AN = DF: C N LYASES

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. Subclasses are the AMMONIA-LYASES, the AMIDINE-LYASES, the amine-lyases, and other carbon-nitrogen lyases. EC 4.3.

UI = D019759

 

 

Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases with Glutamine as Amide-N-Donor

AN = DF: C N LIGASES GLN DONOR

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of glutamine-derived ammonia and another molecule. The linkage is in the form of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.5.

UI = D019733

 

Carbon-Carbon Ligases

AN = DF: C C LIGASES

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-carbon bond. These are the carboxylating enzymes and are mostly biotinyl-proteins. EC 6.4.

UI = D019735

 

Carbon-Sulfur Ligases

AN = DF: C S LIGASES

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-sulfur bond. EC 6.2.

UI = D019730

 

Carbon-Sulfur Lyases

AN = DF: C S LYASES

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-sulfur bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.4.

UI = D013437

 

Carbonated Beverages

MS = Drinkable liquids combined with or impregnated with carbon dioxide.

UI = D002253

 

Carbonates

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D002254

 

Carbonic Acid

AN = "the hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide & water"

MS = Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D002255

 

Carbonate Dehydratase

AN = /antag = CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS

MS = A zinc-containing enzyme of erythrocytes with molecular weight of 30 kD. It is among the most active of known enzymes and catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide, which is significant in the transport of CO2 from the tissues to the lungs. The enzyme is inhibited by ACETAZOLAMIDE. EC 4.2.1.1.

UI = D002256

 

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

AN = DF: CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIB

MS = A class of compounds that reduces the secretion of H+ ions by the proximal kidney tubule through inhibition of carbonic anhydrase (CARBONATE DEHYDRATASE).

UI = D002257

 

Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone

AN = an uncoupling agent

MS = A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.

UI = D002258

 

Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone

AN = an uncoupling agent

MS = A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.

UI = D002259

 

Carboplatin

AN = an antineoplastic

MS = An organoplatinum compound that is advocated for use in the treatment of patients with ovarian cancer, small-cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, and seminomas. The compound has comparable efficacy with cisplatin but shows much lower toxicity. Nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and ototoxicity occur only infrequently with carboplatin. Its dose-limiting toxicity is myelosuppression with severe thrombocytopenia and less often leukopenia.

UI = D016190

 

Carboprost

AN = a synthetic prostaglandin F abortifacient

MS = An abortifacient effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.

UI = D002260

 

Carboxin

AN = an agric fungicide

MS = A systemic agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.

UI = D002261

 

1-Carboxyglutamic Acid

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Found in various tissues, particularly in four blood-clotting proteins including prothrombin, in kidney protein, in bone protein, and in the protein present in various ectopic calcifications.

UI = D015055

 

Carboxyl and Carbamoyl Transferases

MS = A group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of carboxyl- or carbamoyl- groups. EC 2.1.3.

UI = D019878

 

 

Carboxy-Lyases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the nonhydrolytic addition or removal of a carboxyl group to or from a compound. They include the carboxylases and decarboxylases. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 4.1.1.

UI = D002262

 

Carboxyhemoglobin

UI = D002263

 

Carboxylic Acids

AN = do not confuse with CARBOCYCLIC ACIDS see ACIDS, CARBOCYCLIC

MS = Organic acids containing the carboxy (-COOH) group, including amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acid is used both as a class name and a suffix. (Dorland, 28th ed; Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D002264

 

Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases

MS = Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of carboxylic acid esters with the formation of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid anion.

UI = D002265

 

Carboxymethylcellulose

AN = a pharmaceutic aid; D25-26 qualif

MS = Polycarboxymethyl ether of cellulose. It is used as an emulsifier, thickener, suspending agent, etc., in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; in research as a culture medium; in chromatography as a stabilizer for reagents; and therapeutically as a bulk laxative with antacid properties.

UI = D002266

 

Carboxypeptidases

AN = GEN or unspecified; note CARBOXYPEPTIDASE N see LYSINE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE

UI = D002268

 

Carbuncle

AN = usually caused by Staph; malignant carbuncle = ANTHRAX

MS = An infection of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue that consists of a cluster of boils. Commonly, the causative agent is STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. Carbuncles produce fever, leukocytosis, extreme pain, and prostration.

UI = D002270

 

Carbutamide

AN = a hypoglycemic

MS = A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)

UI = D002271

 

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

AN = DF: CEA

MS = Serum glycoprotein secreted into the glycocalyx coating the luminal surface of the gastrointestinal epithelia. Originally thought to be a specific antigen of the fetal digestive tract and adenocarcinoma of the colon, CEA is now known to occur normally in feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and to appear in the plasma in a diverse group of neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions. The primary use of CEA is in monitoring response to treatment of colorectal cancer. (From Dorland, 28th ed) CEA and other members of the CEA family appear to mediate intercellular adhesion.

UI = D002272

 

Carcinogenicity Tests

AN = NIM; Manual 24.5.6.2+

MS = Tests to experimentally measure the tumor-producing/cancer cell-producing potency of an agent by administering the agent (e.g., benzanthracenes) and observing the quantity of tumors or the cell transformation developed over a given period of time. The carcinogenicity value is usually measured as milligrams of agent administered per tumor developed. Though this test differs from the DNA-repair and bacterial microsome MUTAGENICITY TESTS, researchers often attempt to correlate the finding of carcinogenicity values and mutagenicity values.

UI = D015197

 

Carcinogens

AN = D LIST qualif except /adv eff /pois; be careful: "carcinogenic effect" of a drug or chem in dis or clin context is probably neopl term(s) /chem ind + drug or chem named (with required qualif) & not CARCINOGENS; Manual 24.5.6.2+

MS = Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.

UI = D002273

 

Carcinogens, Environmental

AN = DF: CARCINOGENS ENVIR

MS = Carcinogenic substances that are found in the environment.

UI = D002274

 

Carcinoid Heart Disease

AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct

MS = Cardiac manifestation of MALIGNANT CARCINOID SYNDROME. It is a unique form of fibrosis involving the endocardium, primarily of the right heart. The fibrous deposits tend to cause constriction of the tricuspid and pulmonary valves. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1307)

UI = D002275

 

Carcinoid Tumor

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); consider also MALIGNANT CARCINOID SYNDROME or CARCINOID HEART DISEASE

MS = A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)

UI = D002276

 

Carcinoma

AN = do not use for "cancer" routinely: use only for carcinoma as a histological type: Manual 24.2.1.3; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); X ref CARCINOMA, ANAPLASTIC: do not coord with ANAPLASIA unless anaplasia is particularly discussed

MS = A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002277

 

see also adenocarcinoma)

 

Carcinoma, Adenosquamous

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.

UI = D018196

 

Carcinoma, Acinar Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)

UI = D018267

 

Carcinoma, Adrenal Cortical

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with ADRENAL CORTEX NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A malignant neoplasm of adrenal cortical cells demonstrating partial or complete histological and functional differentiation. They are rare, comprising between only 0.05% and 0.2% of all cancers. Women develop functional adrenal cortical carcinomas more commonly than men, but men develop nonfunctioning ones more often than women. Hypercortisolism is the most common presentation for this cancer. Virilism and Cushing's syndrome may also result. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1286)

UI = D018268

 

Carcinoma, Basal Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM); X ref RODENT ULCER: do not coord with ULCER

MS = A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). More than 95% of these carcinomas occur in patients over 40. They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)

UI = D002280

 

Carcinoma, Basosquamous

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A skin carcinoma that histologically exhibits both basal and squamous elements. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002281

 

 

Carcinoma, Bronchogenic

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM), not BRONCHIAL NEOPLASMS; do not confuse X ref CARCINOMA, BRONCHIAL with BRONCHIAL NEOPLASMS

MS = A cancer of the lung, so-called because it arises from the epithelium of the bronchial tree. It is not a histologic designation despite the name.

UI = D002283

 

Carcinoma, Brown-Pearce

AN = exper neopl; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; don't forget check tag ANIMAL

UI = D002284

 

Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating

AN = intraductal refers to mammary ducts only; do not confuse X ref CARCINOMA, INTRADUCTAL with CARCINOMA, DUCTAL see CARCINOMA, INFILTRATING DUCT; coord IM with BREAST NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.

UI = D002285

 

Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor

AN = exper neopl; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; note X ref: do not also index under ASCITES; don't forget check tag ANIMAL

MS = A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.

UI = D002286

 

Carcinoma, Embryonal

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM) or TESTICULAR NEOPLASMS (IM) & appropriate check tags

MS = A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)

UI = D018236

 

 

Carcinoma, Endometrioid

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = Ovarian carcinoma which resembles typical carcinoma of the endometrium and may be seen with a synchronous endometrial carcinoma. When they appear together, both tend to be of low stage. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1665)

UI = D018269

 

 

Carcinoma, Giant Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = An epithelial neoplasm characterized by unusually large anaplastic cells. It is highly malignant with fulminant clinical course, bizarre histologic appearance and poor prognosis. It is most common in the lung and thyroid. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

UI = D018286

 

 

 

 

 

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular

AN = human & vet only: note X ref HEPATOMA: also available is HEPATOMA, EXPERIMENTAL see LIVER NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL for exper anim; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LIVER NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = Primary carcinoma of the liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor difficult to distinguish from normal hepatocytes to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic or may form giant cells. Several classification schemes have been suggested. Hepatocellular carcinoma is very rare in the United States and western Europe, but it is one of the most common cancers in eastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The cases are preponderantly male and, racially, whites have the lowest rates. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p836; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp1430-41)

UI = D006528

 

 

Carcinoma in Situ

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A neoplastic entity wherein the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane. It is popularly applied to such cells in the uterine cervix. It is also called preinvasive carcinoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002278

 

 

 

 

 

 

Carcinoma, Infiltrating Duct

AN = duct refers to mammary ducts only; do not confuse X ref CARCINOMA, DUCTAL with CARCINOMA, INTRADUCTAL see CARCINOMA, INTRADUCTAL, NONINFILTRATING; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BREAST NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = An invasive (infiltrating) carcinoma of the breast. This carcinoma in which no special histological feature is recognized is designated NOS or Not Otherwise Specified and is by far the most common ductal tumor, accounting for almost 70% of breast cancers. It is characterized by stony hardness upon palpation. It commonly metastasizes to the axillary lymph nodes and its prognosis is the poorest of the various ductal types. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1205)

UI = D018270

 

Carcinoma, Islet Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A carcinoma of the islets of Langerhans.

UI = D018273

 

 

 

Carcinoma, Krebs 2

AN = exper neopl; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; don't forget check tag ANIMAL

UI = D002287

 

 

 

Carcinoma, Large Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term but probably LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018287

 

 

Carcinoma, Lewis Lung

AN = exper neopl; do not confuse text ref LLC for Lewis Lung Carcinoma with LLC-PK1 CELLS where LLC stands for Lilly Laboratories Cell; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; don't forget check tag ANIMAL

MS = A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.

UI = D018827

 

Carcinoma, Lobular

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BREAST NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A infiltrating (invasive) breast cancer, relatively uncommon, accounting for only 5%-10% of breast tumors in most series. It is often an area of ill-defined thickening in the breast, in contrast to the dominant lump characteristic of ductal carcinoma. It is typically composed of small cells in a linear arrangement with a tendency to grow around ducts and lobules. There is likelihood of axillary nodal involvement with metastasis to meningeal and serosal surfaces. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1205)

UI = D018275

 

Carcinoma, Medullary

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

UI = D018276

 

 

Carcinoma, Merkel Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A carcinoma arising from MERKEL CELLS located in the basal layer of the epidermis and occurring most commonly as a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin and histologically show neurosecretory granules. The skin of the head and neck are a common site of Merkel cell carcinoma, occurring generally in elderly patients. (Holland et al.,

 

 

 

Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)

UI = D018277

 

Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine

AN = blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round "blue cells", granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small ("oat") cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

UI = D018278

 

 

 

 

Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM); do not confuse with CARCINOMA, LARGE CELL or CARCINOMA, SMALL CELL; DF: NSCLC

MS = A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. They are dealt with collectively because of the shared properties of poor response to conventional chemotherapy and the potential for cure with surgical resection in a fraction of patients.

UI = D002289

 

Carcinoma, Papillary

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002291

 

Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with THYROID NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A thyroid neoplasm of mixed papillary and follicular arrangement. Its biological behavior and prognosis is the same as that of a papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1271)

UI = D018265

 

Carcinoma, Renal Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with KIDNEY NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = Carcinoma of the renal parenchyma usually occurring in middle age or later and composed of tubular cells in varying arrangements. It was first described in 1826. Possible causal factors are environmental, hormonal, cellular, and genetic. Smoking is a definite risk factor and obesity is associated with increased risk. Renal cell carcinoma accounts for approximately 3% of adult cancer; the male-female ratio is 2:1. It is more common among urban residents than rural. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p979)

UI = D002292

 

Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A highly malignant, mucus-secreting tumor in which the mucus-secreting cells are anaplastic and appear rounded, with the nucleus displaced to one side by a globule of mucus in the cytoplasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018279

 

Carcinoma, Skin Appendage

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + SKIN APPENDAGE DISEASES (IM) or specific precoord skin appendage/neopl term (IM) or specific skin appendage (IM)

MS = A malignant tumor of the skin appendages, which include the hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and the mammary glands. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018280

 

 

Carcinoma, Small Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM); do not confuse with CARCINOMA, NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG; DF: SCLC

MS = An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. There are admixtures of small cell lung carcinoma with other types of lung cancer. Small cell carcinomas are distinguished by their distinctive biological features, response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and by their nearly universal tendency to develop overt or subclinical metastases, which frequently eliminates surgery in most patients. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)

UI = D018288

 

 

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A carcinoma derived from stratified squamous epithelium. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002294

 

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A malignant neoplasm derived from transitional epithelium, occurring chiefly in the urinary bladder, ureters or renal pelves (especially if well differentiated), frequently papillary. Transitional cell carcinomas are graded 1 to 3 or 4 according to the degree of anaplasia, grade 1 appearing histologically benign but being liable to recurrence. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002295

 

Carcinoma, Verrucous

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A variant of well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma that is most common in the oral cavity, but also occurs in the larynx, nasal cavity, esophagus, penis, anorectal region, vulva, vagina, uterine cervix, and skin, especially on the sole of the foot. Most intraoral cases occur in elderly male abusers of smokeless tobacco. The treatment is surgical resection. Radiotherapy is not indicated, as up to 30% treated with radiation become highly aggressive within six months. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

UI = D018289

 

 

 

Carcinoma 256, Walker

AN = exper neopl; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; don't forget check tag ANIMAL

MS = A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002279

 

 

Carcinosarcoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002296

 

Cardanolides

AN = do not confuse with CARDENOLIDES

MS = The aglycone constituents of CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES. The ring structure is basically a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus attached to a lactone ring at the C-17 position.

UI = D002297

 

Cardenolides

AN = includes cardadienolides & cardatrienolides; do not confuse with CARDANOLIDES

MS = C(23)-steroids with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a five-membered lactone at C-17. They are aglycone constituents of CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES and must have at least one double bond in the molecule. The class includes cardadienolides and cardatrienolides. Members include DIGITOXIN and DIGOXIN and their derivatives and the STROPHANTHINS.

UI = D002298

 

Cardia

AN = the opening of the stomach; adjective form = "cardial": do not confuse with "cardiac" (heart); diseases: coord NIM with STOMACH DISEASES (IM); neoplasms: coord NIM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = The part of the stomach immediately adjacent to and surrounding the cardiac opening of the esophagus, distinguished only by the presence of the cardiac glands, and lacking acid (parietal) and pepsin (chief) cells. (Dorland, 27th ed, p1234)

UI = D002299

 

Cardiac Care Facilities

MS = Institutions specializing in the care of patients with heart disorders.

UI = D002300

 

 

 

Cardiac Complexes, Premature

AN = a type of arrhythmia; GEN or unspecified: atrial = ATRIAL PREMATURE COMPLEXES & ventric = VENTRICULAR PREMATURE COMPLEXES

MS = Premature contractions of the heart that are independent of the normal rhythm and arise in response to an impulse in some part of the heart other than the sinoatrial node. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D005117

 

 

Cardiac Glycosides

AN = cardiotonics

MS = Substances obtained from species of Digitalis, Strophanthus, and other plants that contain specific steroid glycosides or their semisynthetic derivatives and used in congestive heart failure. They increase the force of cardiac contraction without significantly affecting other parameters, but are very toxic at larger doses. Their mechanism of action usually involves inhibition of the Na(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase and they are often used in cell biological studies for that purpose.

UI = D002301

 

Cardiac Output

AN = a physiol concept: do not confuse with the C14 diseases CARDIAC OUTPUT, HIGH or CARDIAC OUTPUT, LOW

MS = The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat).

UI = D002302

 

Cardiac Output, Low

AN = note category: do not confuse with CARDIAC OUTPUT, a physiol concept; note X ref LOW CARDIAC OUTPUT SYNDROME: do not add SYNDROME

MS = A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output, usually seen in patients with heart failure secondary to coronary artery, hypertensive, primary myocardial, valvular, or pericardial disease.

UI = D002303

 

Cardiac Pacing, Artificial

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Regulation of the rate of contraction of the heart muscles by an artificial pacemaker.

UI = D002304

 

 

Cardiac Surgical Procedures

AN = GEN only: do not use for surg of specific part of heart ( = specific heart term /surg) or specific heart dis ( = disease /surg); HEART TRANSPLANTATION & HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION are also available

MS = Surgery performed on the heart.

UI = D006348

 

 

 

 

Cardiac Tamponade

AN = compression of heart from pericardial effusion or hemopericardium

UI = D002305

 

Cardiac Volume

AN = usually refers to the volume of blood in heart at various periods of the cardiac cycle

MS = The volume of the heart, usually relating to the volume of blood contained within it at various periods of the cardiac cycle. The amount of blood ejected from a ventricle at each beat is STROKE VOLUME.

UI = D002306

 

Cardiography, Impedance

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CARDIOGR IMPEDANCE

MS = A type of impedance plethysmography in which bioelectrical impedance is measured between electrodes positioned around the neck and around the lower thorax. It is used principally to calculate stroke volume and cardiac volume, but it is also related to myocardial contractility, thoracic fluid content, and circulation to the extremities.

UI = D002307

 

 

 

 

Cardiolipins

MS = Acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. They occur primarily in mitochondrial inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes. They are the main antigenic components of the Wassermann-type antigen that is used in nontreponemal SYPHILIS SERODIAGNOSIS.

UI = D002308

 

Cardiology

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: CARDIOL

MS = The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions.

UI = D002309

 

 

 

Cardiology Service, Hospital

AN = DF: CARDIOL SERV HOSP

MS = The hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of diagnostic and therapeutic services for the cardiac patient.

UI = D016507

 

 

Cardiomyopathy, Alcoholic

MS = Cardiomyopathy resulting from: 1) a toxic effect of alcohol on the myocardium; 2) thiamine deficiency due to malnutrition in alcoholics; or 3) a toxic effect of cobalt additives in beer in heavy beer drinkers. This disease is usually manifested by dyspnea and palpitations with cardiomegaly and congestive heart failure.

UI = D002310

 

Cardiomyopathy, Congestive

AN = heart enlargement with congestive heart failure; do not confuse with HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE

MS = A syndrome characterized by cardiac enlargement and congestive heart failure. It probably represents the end result of many forms of myocardial damage produced by a variety of toxic, metabolic, or infectious agents.

UI = D002311

 

Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic

AN = heart hypertrophy involving interventric septum; DF: SUBVALV STENOSIS

MS = A myocardial disease characterized by hypertrophy, involving mainly the interventricular septum, interfering with left ventricular emptying.

UI = D002312

 

Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive

AN = rigid ventricle walls of heart

MS = Myocardial disease in which the ventricular walls are excessively rigid, impeding ventricular filling; it is marked by abnormal diastolic function but by normal or nearly normal systolic function.

UI = D002313

 

Cardiomyoplasty

AN = a technique in heart surg using autol skeletal muscle

MS = An operation that uses stimulated latissimus dorsi muscle (SKELETAL MUSCLE VENTRICLE) to assist cardiac function. The latissimus dorsi muscle is mobilized from the chest wall and moved into the thorax through the bed of the resected 2nd or 3rd rib. The muscle is then wrapped around the left and right ventricles and stimulated to contract during cardiac systole by means of an implanted burst-stimulator. (Stedman, 26th ed)

UI = D018421

 

Cardioplegic Solutions

AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific drug in solution (IM); DF: CARDIOPLEGIC SOL

MS = Solutions which, upon administration, will temporarily arrest cardiac activity. They are used in the performance of heart surgery.

UI = D002314

 

Cardiopulmonary Bypass

AN = diverts blood from right atrium: consider also HEART BYPASS, LEFT which diverts blood from left atrium; /instrum: consider also HEART-LUNG MACHINE; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CARDIOPULM BYPASS

MS = Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs.

UI = D002315

 

 

 

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: note short X ref

MS = The artificial substitution of heart and lung action as indicated for cardiac arrest or apparent sudden death resulting from electric shock, drowning, respiratory arrest, and other causes. The two major components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are artificial ventilation and closed-chest cardiac massage. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D016887

 

 

Cardiotocography

AN = monitors fetal heart rate; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CARDIOTOCOGR

MS = Monitoring of fetal heart frequency before birth in order to assess impending prematurity in relation to the pattern or intensity of antepartum UTERINE CONTRACTION.

UI = D015148

 

 

 

Cardiotonic Agents

MS = Agents that have a tonic effect on the heart or increase cardiac output. They may be glycosidic steroids related to Digitalis products, sympathomimetics, or other drugs and are used after myocardial infarcts, cardiac surgery, in shock, or in congestive heart failure.

UI = D002316

 

Cardiovascular Agents

MS = Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.

UI = D002317

 

Cardiovascular Abnormalities

AN = for congen struct abnorm only; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics or specific organ /abnorm but article is more likely to be on HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL: check text; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: CARDIOVASC ABNORM CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital structural abnormalities of the cardiovascular system.

UI = D018376

 

Cardiovascular Deconditioning

AN = change in cardiovasc funct; common in weightlessness

MS = A change in cardiovascular function, especially after periods of actual or simulated weightlessness or diminished power or strength, probably related to the shift of a quantity of blood from the lower limbs to the thorax, resulting in reflex diuresis and a reduction of blood volume. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018493

 

 

 

Cardiovascular Diseases

AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; /diag: consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, CARDIOVASCULAR; DF: CARDIOVASC DIS

UI = D002318

 

 

 

 

Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also /surg with specific parts of the cardiovasc system; also CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES /surg or /surg with specific cardiovasc dis; DF: CARDIOVASC SURG PROCEDURES

MS = Surgery performed on the heart or blood vessels.

UI = D013504

 

 

 

Cardiovascular System

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /abnorm = CARDIOVASCULAR ABNORMALITIES but consider also specific artery or vein with /abnorm; DF: CARDIOVASC SYSTEM

MS = The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body.

UI = D002319

 

Cardiovascular Physiology

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CARDIOVASC PHYSIOL

MS = Functions and activities of the cardiovascular system as a whole or of any of its parts.

UI = D002320

 

Cardiovirus

AN = a genus of the family Picornaviridae; infection = CARDIOVIRUS INFECTIONS

MS = A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE causing encephalitis and myocarditis in rodents. ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS is the type species.

UI = D017943

 

 

 

Cardiovirus Infections

AN = caused by a picornavirus

MS = Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE.

UI = D018188

 

 

 

Career Choice

AN = no qualif

MS = Selection of a type of occupation or profession.

UI = D002321

 

Career Mobility

AN = no qualif CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The upward or downward mobility in an occupation or the change from one occupation to another.

UI = D002322

 

 

 

Caregivers

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specific caregiver as NURSES, PHYSICIANS, etc.; IM; coord with specific field if pertinent (IM): "the teacher as caregiver" = CAREGIVERS (IM) + TEACHING (IM)

MS = Persons who provide care to those who need supervision or assistance in illness or disability. They may provide the care in the home, in a hospital, or in an institution. Although caregivers include trained medical, nursing, and other health personnel, the concept also refers to parents, spouses, or other family members, friends, members of the clergy, teachers, social workers, fellow patients, etc.

UI = D017028

 

 

 

 

Carfecillin

AN = a penicillin G

MS = The phenyl ester of CARBENICILLIN that, upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. It is used for urinary tract infections.

UI = D002323

 

Caribbean Region

AN = GEN or unspecified for Caribbean Sea, region, islands or population; do not confuse X ref WEST INDIES REGION with WEST INDIES or any of its specific islands; DF: CARIBBEAN

MS = The area that lies between continental North and South America and comprises the Caribbean Sea, the West Indies, and the adjacent mainland regions of southern Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela.

UI = D017691

 

 

Caricatures

AN = IM; coord with subject (IM) or person with required biog and hist headings & check tags; do not confuse with Publication Type CARICATURES; CARTOONS is also available

MS = Works portraying in a critical or facetious way a real individual or group, or a figure representing a social, political, ethnic, or racial type. The effect is usually achieved through distortion or exaggeration of characteristics. (Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collections Cataloguing, 2d ed)

UI = D002325

 

 

Caricatures [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for caricatures as a subject, index under main heading CARICATURES; Publication Type CARTOONS is also available

MS = Works portraying in a critical or facetious way a real individual or group, or a figure representing a social, political, ethnic, or racial type. The effect is usually achieved through distortion or exaggeration of characteristics. (Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collection Cataloguing, 2d ed)

UI = D019492

 

 

Cariogenic Agents

AN = consider also DENTAL CARIES /etiol

MS = Substances conducive to the production of DENTAL CARIES. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002326

 

Cariostatic Agents

AN = D25-26 qualif; consider also DENTAL CARIES /prev or /drug ther

MS = Substances that inhibit or arrest DENTAL CARIES formation. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

UI = D002327

 

Carisoprodol

AN = a central muscle relaxant

MS = A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202)

UI = D002328

 

 

 

Carlavirus

AN = a group of plant viruses; from CARnation LAtent virus; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

MS = A group of plant viruses with slightly flexuous filaments, often transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent manner.

UI = D017788

 

Carmine

AN = a food, cosmetic & drug dye; D25-26 qualif

MS = Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.

UI = D002329

 

Carmovirus

AN = a genus of plant viruses; from CARnation MOttle virus; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

MS = A genus in the family TOMBUSVIRIDAE mostly found in temperate regions. Some species infecting legumes are reported from tropical areas. Most viruses are soil-borne, but some are transmitted by the fungus Olpidium radicale and others by beetles. Carnation mottle virus is the type species.

UI = D019184

 

Carmustine

AN = an alkylating antineoplastic

MS = A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D002330

 

Carnitine

MS = Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias.

UI = D002331

 

Carnitine O-Acetyltransferase

AN = do not confuse with CARNITINE ACYLTRANSFERASES

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of O-acetylcarnitine from acetyl-CoA plus carnitine. EC 2.3.1.7.

UI = D002332

 

Carnitine Acyltransferases

AN = do not confuse with CARNITINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE see CARNITINE O-ACETYLTRANSFERASE

MS = Acyltransferases in the inner mitochondrial membrane that catalyze the reversible transfer of acyl groups from acyl-CoA to L-carnitine and thereby mediate the transport of activated fatty acids through that membrane. EC 2.3.1.

UI = D002333

 

Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the conversion of palmitoyl-CoA to palmitoylcarnitine in the inner mitochondrial membrane. EC 2.3.1.21.

UI = D002334

 

Carnivora

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; qualif permitted; do not confuse X ref RACCOON DOGS with RACCOONS

UI = D002335

 

 

Carnosine

AN = a neurotransmitter

MS = A naturally occurring dipeptide found in muscle of man and numerous animals, but some animals, e.g., pigeons and geese, have N-methylcarnosine in their muscles. (From Merck Index, 11th ed.)

UI = D002336

 

 

 

Caroli's Disease

AN = congen cystic dilat of intrahepatic bile ducts; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: CAROLI DIS CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. It consists of 2 types: simple, with bile duct dilatation or ectasia alone, and complex, with associated extensive hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension. Benign renal tubular ectasia is associated with both types.

UI = D016767

 

 

Carotene

AN = a pigment in fruits & vegetables

MS = The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall.

UI = D002337

 

Carotenoids

AN = pigments

UI = D002338

 

Carotid Arteries

AN = /radiogr: consider also CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY

MS = Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.

UI = D002339

 

Carotid Artery, Common

AN = disease: coord NIM with CAROTID ARTERY DISEASES (IM)

MS = The two principal arteries supplying the structures of the head and neck. They ascend in the neck, one on each side, and at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage, each divides into two branches, the external (CAROTID ARTERY, EXTERNAL) and internal (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL) carotid arteries.

UI = D017536

 

 

 

Carotid Artery Diseases

AN = GEN or unspecified; coord IM with CAROTID ARTERY, COMMON, CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL or CAROTID ARTERY, EXTERNAL (NIM) if pertinent

MS = Diseases of the common, internal and external carotid arteries.

UI = D002340

 

Carotid Artery Thrombosis

AN = coord IM with CAROTID ARTERY, EXTERNAL (NIM) or CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL (NIM) if pertinent

MS = Formation of a clot in a carotid artery, often resulting from atherosclerosis.

UI = D002341

 

Carotid Artery, External

AN = disease: coord NIM with CAROTID ARTERY DISEASES (IM)

MS = Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the exterior of the head, the face, and the greater part of the neck.

UI = D002342

 

Carotid Artery, Internal

AN = disease: coord NIM with CAROTID ARTERY DISEASES (IM)

MS = Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the anterior part of the brain, the eye and its appendages, the forehead and nose.

UI = D002343

 

Carotid Body

AN = a nonchromaffin paraganglion

MS = A small cluster of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The carotid body, which is richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries, senses the pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and plays a crucial role in their homeostatic control.

UI = D002344

 

Carotid Body Tumor

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; organ/neopl & histol coords not necessary

MS = An invariably benign, encapsulated, firm round mass at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, with nests of large polyhedral cells in alveolar or organoid arrangement. It is usually asymptomatic but large masses may encroach upon the parapharyngeal space and produce dysphagia, pain, and cranial nerve palsies. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp570-71)

UI = D002345

 

Carotid Sinus

MS = The dilated portion of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids. It contains baroreceptors which, when stimulated, cause slowing of the heart, vasodilatation, and a fall in blood pressure.

UI = D002346

 

 

Carotid Stenosis

AN = refers to a carotid artery; coord IM with CAROTID ARTERY, EXTERNAL (NIM) or CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL (NIM)

MS = The narrowing or stricture of a carotid artery that may lead to transient ischemic attacks (see CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA, TRANSIENT) and stroke (see CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS).

UI = D016893

 

 

 

Carp

AN = IM; qualif permitted

UI = D002347

 

Carpal Bones

AN = the 8 bones of the wrist of which SEMILUNAR BONE is available; do not confuse with WRIST (the area) or WRIST JOINT; see note on CARPUS, ANIMAL; /inj permitted: not necessarily WRIST INJURIES

UI = D002348

 

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

AN = median nerve compression

MS = A complex of symptoms resulting from compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel, with pain and burning or tingling paresthesias in the fingers and hand, sometimes extending to the elbow. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002349

 

Carpus, Animal

AN = a joint in the quadruped forelimb; TN 117 & table: animal extremities

MS = In quadrupeds the forelimb joint corresponding to the WRIST JOINT in humans. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002350

 

Carrageenan

AN = a polysaccharide from seaweed; seen in texts also as carrageenin

MS = A water-soluble extractive from carragheen, Irish moss, a seaweed from the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America. It is used as a stabilizer, for suspending cocoa in chocolate manufacture, and to clarify beverages. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D002351

 

Carrier Proteins

AN = do not confuse BINDING PROTEINS (X ref) with PROTEIN BINDING; do not use CARRIER PROTEINS if the protein functions as a receptor: use instead the pertinent RECEPTORS term; not for antigenic carriers ( = ANTIGENS)

MS = Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

UI = D002352

 

Carrier State

AN = disease carriers, not genetic carriers ( = CARRIERS, GENETIC see HETEROZYGOTE); coord with disease, not organism

MS = The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host.

UI = D002353

 

Carrots

AN = as plant & food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = A widely cultivated plant, Daucus carota sativa, having finely divided leaves, flat clusters of small white flowers, and an edible, yellow-orange root and also the long tapering root of the carrot, eaten as a vegetable. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)

UI = D018552

 

Carteolol

AN = an antihypertensive & anti-arrhythmic beta-adrenergic antag

MS = A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.

UI = D002354

 

Carticaine

AN = a local anesthetic

MS = A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.

UI = D002355

 

Cartilage

AN = inflammation (chondritis) is likely to be OSTEOCHONDRITIS; CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR is also available

MS = A specialized, fibrous connective tissue, forming most of the temporary skeleton of the embryo, providing a model in which most of the bones develop, and constituting an important part of the growth mechanism of the organism. It exists in several types, the most important of which are hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Also used as a general term to designate a mass of such tissue in a particular site in the body. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002356

 

Cartilage Diseases

AN = GEN; inflamm dis (chondritis) is likely to be OSTEOCHONDRITIS

UI = D002357

 

Cartilage, Articular

AN = inflammation (chondritis) is likely to be OSTEOCHONDRITIS

UI = D002358

 

Cartoons

AN = IM; do not confuse with Publication Type CARTOONS; CARICATURES is also available CATALOG: form qualif /cartoons is available

MS = Sketches or drawings, usually humorous, symbolizing, satirizing, or caricaturing some action, subject, or person of popular interest. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D002359

 

Cartoons [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for cartoons as a subject, index under main heading CARTOONS; Publication Type CARICATURES is also available

MS = Humorous, satirical, or ridiculing images executed in a broad or abbreviated manner.

UI = D019493

 

 

 

Carubicin

AN = an anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic

MS = A very toxic anthracycline-type antibiotic related to DAUNORUBICIN, obtained from Actinomadura carminata. It is used in soft tissue neoplasms and leukemias.

UI = D002360

 

Cascara

AN = a cathartic; from bark of buckthorn (Rhamnus purshiana) used as medication; index plant under RHAMNUS; in translations use "cascara sagrada", not "sacred bark"

MS = Component of the dried bark of a buckthorn (Rhamnus purshiana) that contains the anthraquinone EMODIN. It is used as a laxative.

UI = D002362

 

Case Management

AN = all health professionals' activities to insure coord of services for the patient

MS = A traditional term for all the activities which a physician or other health care professional normally performs to insure the coordination of the medical services required by a patient. It also, when used in connection with managed care, covers all the activities of evaluating the patient, planning treatment, referral, and follow-up so that care is continuous and comprehensive and payment for the care is obtained. (From Slee & Slee, Health Care Terms, 2nd ed)

UI = D019090

 

 

Case Report

AN = check tag only: do not confuse with REVIEW OF REPORTED CASES, a type of review article; any article containing a case report is checked here: policy: Manual 18.11+; permitted for vet case rep but not for historical articles; case reports as a form of writing or their value is indexed under MEDICAL RECORDS or specific records term (IM) CATALOG: do not use: for indexers only; form qualif /case studies & double forms are available for clinical medicine & related fields: do not confuse with /cases which is restricted to law reports

UI = D002363

 

 

Case-Control Studies

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

MS = Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

UI = D016022

 

 

 

 

Caseins

MS = A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.

UI = D002364

 

Caspase 1

MS = A member of the caspase family that is highly specific for interleukin-1beta (INTERLEUKIN-1). It plays a role in inflammation and mammalian APOPTOSIS. Interleukin-1beta converting enzyme is frequently abbreviated ICE. EC 3.4.22.36

UI = D020170

Chondrogenesis

MS = The formation of cartilage. This process is directed by CHONDROCYTES which continually divide and lay down matrix during development. It is sometimes a precursor to OSTEOGENESIS.

UI = D020219

 

 

 

 

 

Caspases

AN = CASPASE 1 is also available

MS = A family of intracellular cysteine proteinases. They play a key role in inflammation and mammalian APOPTOSIS. They are specific for aspartic acid at the P1 position. They are divided into two classes based on the lengths of their N-terminal prodomains. Caspases-1,-2,-4,-5,-8, and -10 have long prodomains and -3,-6,-7,-9 have short prodomains. EC 3.4.22.-.

UI = D020169

 

 

Cassava

AN = as plant & food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = Any of several species of the tropical plant, family Euphorbiaceae, that grow starchy roots used for food. Manihot esculenta is most often used, but contains high amounts of hydrogen cyanide and few essential nutrients.

UI = D002365

 

Cassia

AN = plant from which SENNA is derived

MS = Leguminous plants Cassia senna L. (or C. acutifolia) and C. angustifolia that contain anthraquinones which are used as laxatives.

UI = D002366

 

 

Catalogs [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for catalogs as a subject, index under main heading CATALOGS

MS = Files of bibliographic records, created according to specific and uniform principles of construction and under the control of an authority file, which describe the materials contained in a collection, library, or group of libraries. Catalogs include also lists of materials prepared for a particular purpose, such as exhibition catalogs, sales catalogs, garden catalogs, medical supply catalogs. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Sciences, 1983)

UI = D019494

 

Catalytic Domain

MS = The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

UI = D020134

 

 

 

 

Catechol Oxidase

MS = An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction between catechol and oxygen to yield benzoquinone and water. It is a complex of copper-containing proteins that acts also on a variety of substituted catechols. EC 1.10.3.1.

UI = D004156

 

 

Cathepsin E

MS = An aspartic endopeptidase of the hydrolase class that is similar to cathepsin D but has a slightly broader specificity. EC 3.4.23.34.

UI = D020059

 

 

 

Catheter Ablation

AN = removal of tissue by electrode-fitted catheter; used often in heart surg to treat tachycardia; coord organ or dis with /surg; DF: CATH ABLATION

MS = Removal of tissue with electrical current delivered via electrodes positioned at the distal end of a catheter. Energy sources are commonly direct current (DC-shock) or alternating current at radiofrequencies (usually 750 kHz). The technique is used most often to ablate the AV junction and/or accessory pathways in order to interrupt AV conduction and produce AV block in the treatment of various tachyarrhythmias.

UI = D017115

 

Castor Bean

AN = yields castor oil

MS = The seed of the CASTOR BEAN or castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, which yields CASTOR OIL. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002367

 

Castor Oil

AN = from the seeds of Ricinus communis

MS = An oil obtained from the seed of Ricinus communis. It is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer for pharmaceutical preparations, and has been used as a bland emollient to the skin in certain dermatoses. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002368

 

Castration

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer OVARIECTOMY or ORCHIECTOMY; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical removal or artificial destruction of gonads.

UI = D002369

 

Casts, Surgical

AN = "cast syndrome" (duodenal compression caused by wearing a body cast) = SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY SYNDROME if confirmed by text but do not index under CASTS, SURGICAL /adv eff unless particularly discussed

MS = Dressings made of fiberglass, plastic, or bandage impregnated with plaster of paris used for immobilization of various parts of the body in cases of fractures, dislocations, and infected wounds. In comparison with plaster casts, casts made of fiberglass or plastic are lightweight, radiolucent, able to withstand moisture, and less rigid.

UI = D002370

 

Cat Diseases

AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM) or specific cat dis (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under CATS /abnorm or CATS /inj; does not include diseases of the so-called "big cats" (LIONS, CHEETAHS, tigers, panthers, etc.); don't forget also check tags CATS (NIM) & ANIMAL; DF: CAT DIS

MS = Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS, LIONS, tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.

UI = D002371

 

Cat-Scratch Disease

AN = caused by Afipia felis or Bartonella henselae, gram-neg bact, mainly via cat scratch; when caused by B. henselae, coord IM with BARTONELLA HENSELAE (IM)

MS = A self-limiting bacterial infection of the regional lymph nodes caused by Afipia felis, a gram-negative bacterium recently identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and by BARTONELLA HENSELAE. It usually arises one or more weeks following a feline scratch, with raised inflammatory nodules at the site of the scratch being the primary symptom.

UI = D002372

 

 

 

Caudovirales

AN = an order of tailed (caudo-) bacteriophages

MS = An order comprising three families of tailed bacteriophages: MYOVIRIDAE, PODOVIRIDAE, and SIPHOVIRIDAE.

UI = D017899

 

Caulimovirus

AN = a group of mosaic viruses; from CAULIflower MOsaic virus; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

MS = A group of plant viruses that are transmitted by aphids in a semipersistent manner. Aphid-borne transmission of some caulimoviruses requires certain virus-coded proteins termed transmission factors.

UI = D017796

 

 

 

 

Caulobacter

AN = found in fresh water & soil

MS = A genus of rod- or vibroid-shaped or fusiform bacteria that commonly produce a stalk. They are found in fresh water and soil and divide by binary transverse fission.

UI = D016934

 

Caulobacter crescentus

MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that consist of slender vibroid cells.

UI = D016935

 

 

Causality

AN = an epidemiol concept: do not confuse with the cause of a disease ( = /etiol); IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM), not /etiol; no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

MS = The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors.

UI = D015984

 

 

Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein

MS = A transcriptional regulator in prokaryotes which, when activated by binding cyclic AMP, acts at several promoters. Cyclic AMP receptor protein was originally identified as a catabolite gene activator protein. It was subsequently shown to regulate several functions unrelated to catabolism, and to be both a negative and a positive regulator of transcription. Cell surface cyclic AMP receptors are not included (CYCLIC AMP RECEPTORS), nor are the eukaryotic cytoplasmic cyclic AMP receptor proteins, which are the regulatory subunits of CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES.

UI = D002373

 

Catalase

AN = /defic: consider also CATALASE /blood (IM) + METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS (IM)

UI = D002374

 

Catalepsy

MS = Sustained immobility of postures or physical attitude.

UI = D002375

 

Cataloging

AN = IM

UI = D002376

 

Catalogs

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; no qualif; do not confuse with Publication Type CATALOGS CATALOG: form qualif /catalogs & double forms are available

MS = Ordered compilations of item descriptions and sufficient information to afford access to them.

UI = D002377

 

Catalogs, Booksellers'

AN = no qualif CATALOG: /geog /form

UI = D002378

 

Catalogs, Commercial

AN = no qualif CATALOG: /geog /form

UI = D002379

 

Catalogs, Drug

AN = no qualif CATALOG: /geog /form

UI = D002380

 

Catalogs, Library

AN = no qualif CATALOG: /geog /form

UI = D002381

 

Catalogs, Publishers'

AN = no qualif CATALOG: /geog /form

UI = D002382

 

Catalogs, Union

AN = no qualif CATALOG: /geog /form

UI = D002383

 

Catalysis

AN = NIM

UI = D002384

 

Cataplexy

AN = abrupt attack of musc weakness & hypotonia of emotional origin

MS = A condition in which there are abrupt attacks of muscular weakness and hypotonia triggered by an emotional stimulus such as mirth, anger, fear, or surprise. It is often associated with narcolepsy. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002385

 

Cataract

AN = lens opacity; do not confuse X ref PSEUDOAPHAKIA (a synonym for membranous cataract) with PSEUDOPHAKIA, the presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction

MS = Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002386

 

Cataract Extraction

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical removal of a cataractous lens. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002387

 

Catastrophic Illness

AN = usually GEN & IM; if a specific catastrophic illiness, coord IM with specific dis (IM)

MS = An acute or prolonged illness usually considered to be life-threatening or with the threat of serious residual disability. Treatment may be radical and is frequently costly.

UI = D002388

 

Catatonia

MS = Reaction characterized by muscular rigidity or stupor sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)

UI = D002389

 

Catchment Area (Health)

AN = specify geog; DF: CATCHMENT AREA CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A geographic area defined and served by a health program or institution.

UI = D002391

 

Catechin

AN = from plants; /biosyn permitted if by plant

MS = 3,3',4',5,7-Flavanpentol. Extracted from Uncaria gambier, Acacia catechu and other plants; it stabilizes collagen and is therefore used in tanning and dyeing; it prevents capillary fragility and abnormal permeability, but was formerly used as an antidiarrheal. Synonyms: Cachou; Cashoo; Cutch.

UI = D002392

 

Catechol Estrogens (see Estrogens, Catechol)

 

Catechol O-Methyltransferase

MS = An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to a catechol or catecholamine such as dopa, dopamine, epinephrine, or norepinephrine. The enzyme occurs in the cytoplasm, particularly in the kidney, liver, and central nervous system. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1.6.

UI = D002394

 

Catecholamines

AN = if only EPINEPHRINE & NOREPINEPHRINE are discussed index under each & not also here

MS = A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.

UI = D002395

 

Catechols

MS = A group of 1,2-benzenediols that contain the general formula R-C6H5O2.

UI = D002396

 

Catfish

AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; channel catfish (called ICTALURUS) does not go here: note CHANNEL CATFISH see ICTALURIDAE

MS = Common name to express the order Siluriformes. This order contains many families and over 2,000 species, including venomous species. Heteropneustes and Plotosus genera have dangerous stings and are aggressive. Most species are passive stingers.

UI = D002397

 

Catgut

MS = Sterile collagen strands obtained from healthy mammals. They are used as absorbable surgical ligatures and are frequently impregnated with chromium or silver for increased strength. They tend to cause tissue reaction.

UI = D002398

 

Catharsis

AN = no qualif

MS = The release of ideas, thoughts, and repressed material from the unconscious, accompanied by an emotional response and relief. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002399

 

Cathartics

MS = Agents that promote and/or ease defecation by accelerating the passage of feces through the large intestine, by influencing the consistency and amount of stool, and by facilitating the elimination of feces from the rectum. The terms laxative and cathartic reflect the typical intensity and latency of effect. A cathartic usually produces prompt fluid evacuation, while a laxative usually produces a soft formed stool over a protracted period; the same drug may act as a laxative or a cathartic depending on the dose administered or individual patient sensitivity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p941)

UI = D002400

 

Cathepsin B

MS = A lysosomal cysteine proteinase which hydrolyzes proteins, with a specificity resembling that of papain. The enzyme is present in a variety of tissues and is important in many physiological and pathological processes. In pathology, cathepsin B has been found to be involved in demyelination, emphysema, rheumatoid arthritis, and neoplastic infiltration. EC 3.4.22.1.

UI = D002401

 

Cathepsin D

MS = An intracellular proteinase found in a variety of tissue. It has specificity similar to but narrower than that of pepsin A. The enzyme is involved in catabolism of cartilage and connective tissue. EC 3.4.23.5. (Formerly EC 3.4.4.23).

UI = D002402

 

Cathepsins

MS = A group of lysosomal proteinases or endopeptidases found in aqueous extracts of a variety of animal tissue. They function optimally within an acidic pH range.

UI = D002403

 

Catheterization

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CATH

MS = Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.

UI = D002404

 

Catheterization, Central Venous

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CATH CENTRAL

MS = Placement of an intravenous catheter in the subclavian, jugular, or other central vein for central venous pressure determination, chemotherapy, hemodialysis, or hyperalimentation.

UI = D002405

 

Catheterization, Peripheral

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CATH PERIPHERAL

MS = Insertion of a catheter into a peripheral artery, vein, or airway for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

UI = D002406

 

Catheterization, Swan-Ganz

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CATH SWAN GANZ

MS = Placement of a flow-directed catheter (developed by cardiologists Swan and Ganz) for measuring pulmonary arterial pressures. The catheter is introduced into the venous system via the basilic, internal jugular, or subclavian vein, and is guided by blood flow into the superior vena cava, the right atrium and ventricle, and into the pulmonary artery. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002407

 

Catheters, Indwelling

AN = NIM; when IM, coord with specific site (NIM) if pertinent

MS = Catheters designed to be left within an organ or passage for an extended period of time.

UI = D002408

 

Cathexis

AN = no qualif

MS = Attachment, conscious or unconscious, of emotional feeling and significance to an idea, object or most commonly a person.

UI = D002409

 

Catholicism

AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The Christian faith, practice, or system of the Catholic Church, specifically the Roman Catholic, the Christian church that is characterized by a hierarchic structure of bishops and priests in which doctrinal and disciplinary authority are dependent upon apostolic succession, with the pope as head of the episcopal college. (From Webster, 3d ed; American Heritage Dictionary, 2d college ed)

UI = D002410

 

Cation Exchange Resins

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = High molecular weight insoluble polymers which contain functional cationic groups that are capable of undergoing exchange reactions; used in various types of chromatography; also to treat hyperkalemia.

UI = D002411

 

Cations

AN = GEN or unspecified; avoid as too general: prefer specifics; use qualif discreetly: few apply

MS = Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

UI = D002412

 

Cations, Divalent

AN = NIM: avoid as IM except when general only: prefer specifics; use qualif discreetly: few apply

MS = Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms with a valence of plus 2, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

UI = D002413

 

Cations, Monovalent

AN = NIM: avoid as IM except when general only: prefer specifics; use qualif discreetly: few apply

MS = Positively charged atoms, radicals or group of atoms with a valence of plus 1, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

UI = D002414

 

 

Ca(2+)-Transporting ATPase

AN = DF: CA ATPASE

MS = An enzyme found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicle membrane. During the relaxation of skeletal muscles and muscle rich in mitochondria, this enzyme catalyzes the active transport of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles from the sarcoplasm. It requires micromolar concentrations of Ca(2+) and utilizes MgATP as a substrate. (Prog Biophys Mol Biol 1988;52(1):1). EC 3.6.1.38.

UI = D000252

 

 

Cats

AN = check tag: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; restrict to domestic cat (Felis catus): not for the so-called "big cats" (leopards, panthers, etc.: see X refs at CARNIVORA); CAT DISEASES is also available

MS = The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family Felidae, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1192)

UI = D002415

 

Cattell Personality Factor Questionnaire

MS = Self report questionnaire which yields 16 scores on personality traits, such as reserved vs. outgoing, humble vs. assertive, etc.

UI = D002416

 

Cattle

AN = check tag: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; not for all Bovidae: only cows, yaks & zebus

MS = Domesticated bovine animals usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

UI = D002417

 

Cattle Diseases

AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM) or specific cattle dis (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under CATTLE /abnorm or CATTLE /inj; includes diseases of yaks & zebus but does not include diseases of BISON or BUFFALOES; don't forget also check tags CATTLE (NIM) & ANIMAL; DF: CATTLE DIS

MS = Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.

UI = D002418

 

Caucasoid Race

AN = includes Europeans, Hamites, Indo-Dravidians, Lapps, Middle East natives, Polynesians (Maori are Polynesians native to New Zealand), Ainus in Japan; do not index here routinely: use only when point of article in a racial (i.e., genetic or physiol) context; specify geog if pertinent; differentiate from WHITES (a cultural or ethnic concept; see note there); Manual 30.6.4: restricted indexing; Manual 30.6.7: policy on race & sample indexing CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A major racial group distinguished by classification according to physical features. This group, also called Europoid, centers around the Mediterranean Sea but includes central and northern Europe. They are indigenous also to northern Africa, southwestern Asia, and India. (Winick: Dictionary of Anthropology, 1972; American Heritage Dictionary, 2d College ed)

UI = D002419

 

Cauda Equina

AN = a collection of spinal nerve roots; Latin for horse's tail; dis: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM); cauda equina syndrome: coord IM with NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES (IM)

MS = The collection of spinal roots that descend from the lower part of the spinal cord and occupy the vertebral canal below the cord; their appearance resembles the tail of a horse. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002420

 

Caudate Nucleus

AN = part of the neostriatum

MS = Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.

UI = D002421

 

Causalgia

AN = a form of neuralgia; GEN or unspecified (IM); coord (IM) with specific nerve (IM)

MS = A burning pain, often accompanied by trophic skin changes, due to injury of a peripheral nerve. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002422

 

Cause of Death

AN = note categories; do not use for cause of death in every clinical case; restrict to cause of death as an epidemiological consideration: "mortality by cause of death", "certification of cause of death"; probably IM in such cases; coord NIM with specific disease /mortal (IM); specify geog if pertinent

MS = Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint.

UI = D002423

 

Caustics

AN = usually but not always hydroxides of light metals; D25-26 qualif; caustic inj: coord CAUSTICS /adv eff + BURNS, CHEMICAL + organ /inj; see also note on ESOPHAGEAL STENOSIS

MS = Strong alkaline chemicals that destroy soft body tissues resulting in a deep, penetrating type of burn, in contrast to corrosives, that result in a more superficial type of damage via chemical means or inflammation. Caustics are usually hydroxides of light metals. SODIUM HYDROXIDE and potassium hydroxide are the most widely used caustic agents in industry. Medically, they have been used externally to remove diseased or dead tissues and destroy warts and small tumors. The accidental ingestion of products (household and industrial) containing caustic ingredients results in thousands of injuries per year.

UI = D002424

 

Cautery

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord Cat A or C term with /surg

MS = The application of a caustic substance, a hot instrument, an electric current, or other agent to destroy tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002425

 

Cavernous Sinus

AN = a cranial sinus; thrombosis: coord IM with SINUS THROMBOSIS (IM)

MS = An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone.

UI = D002426

 

 

CD4 Immunoadhesins

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Chimeric molecules resulting from the fusion of recombinant soluble CD4 to the Fc portion of immunoglobulins. These have potential use in the therapy of AIDS since they possess both the gp120-binding and HIV-blocking properties of rCD4 as well as the long plasma half-life and Fc receptor-binding functions of immunoglobulin.

UI = D016860

 

 

 

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes

AN = A 11 qualif; selective target of HIV causing depletion of these lymphocytes in AIDS & other HIV infect; subpopulations: coord IM with T-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS (IM); count: coord IM with CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT (NIM); DF: note short X ref

MS = A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes, which includes both the helper-inducer (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER) and suppressor-inducer (T-LYMPHOCYTES, SUPPRESSOR-INDUCER) T-cells.

UI = D015496

 

CD4-CD8 Ratio

AN = ratio of T-Lymphocytes expressing CD4 antigen to CD8 antigen

MS = Ratio of T-lymphocytes that express the CD4 antigen to those that express the CD8 antigen. This value is commonly assessed in the diagnosis and staging of diseases affecting the immune system including HIV infection.

UI = D016516

 

 

CDPdiacylglycerol-Serine O-Phosphatidyltransferase

AN = DF: note short X ref

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of phosphatidylserine and CMP from CDPdiglyceride plus serine. EC 2.7.8.8.

UI = D010717

 

 

CD-ROM

AN = a type of compact disk; X ref explains acronym; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = An optical disk storage system for computers on which data can be read or from which data can be retrieved but not entered or modified. A CD-ROM unit is almost identical to the compact disk playback device for home use.

UI = D016251

 

 

CD4 Lymphocyte Count

AN = NIM; coord with disease /immunol, not /physiopathol

MS = A count of the number of CD4-positive lymphocytes in the blood. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.

UI = D018791

 

 

CD-I

AN = a type of compact disk; X ref explains acronym; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = An optical disk storage system used on specialized players that combine the functions of computer and CD player in a self-contained box, designed to be connected to a television set and a home stereo for video and sound output. The player is controlled with a hand-held remote unit resembling a television remote control. (J Allied Health 1993 Winter;22(1):131-8)

UI = D019034

 

 

CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes

AN = A 11 qualif; a subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes; subpopulations: coord IM with T-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS (IM); count: coord IM with LYMPHOCYTE COUNT (NIM); DF: note short X ref

MS = A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and suppressor T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, SUPPRESSOR-EFFECTOR).

UI = D018414

 

 

CDC28 Protein Kinase

MS = A protein kinase encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC28 gene and required for progression from the G1 to the S phase in the cell cycle. It is a complex of approximately 160 kD containing a substrate called p40. (Cell 1988 Sep 23;54(7):1061) EC 2.7.1.-.

UI = D017489

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cebidae

AN = New World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = The family of New World monkeys consisting of nine subfamilies: ALOUATTINAE (howler monkeys), AOTINAE (night monkeys), Atelinae (spider monkeys), Callicebinae (titis), CALLIMICONINAE (Goeldi's marmosets), CALLITRICHINAE (marmosets), CEBINAE (capuchin monkeys), Pithecinae (sakis), and SAIMIRINAE (squirrel monkeys). They inhabit the forests of South and Central America, comprising the largest family of South American monkeys.

UI = D002427

 

 

Cebinae

AN = New World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A subfamily of New World monkeys in the family CEBIDAE. They inhabit the forests of South and Central America and comprise members of the genus CEBUS.

UI = D016646

 

 

 

 

Cebus

AN = New World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A genus of the family CEBIDAE, subfamily CEBINAE, consisting of four species which are divided into two groups, the tufted and untufted. C. apella has tufts of hair over the eyes and sides of the head. The remaining species are without tufts - C. capucinus, C. nigrivultatus, and C. albifrons. Cebus inhabits the forests of Central and South America.

UI = D002428

 

Cecal Diseases

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; cecitis = CECAL DISEASES (IM) + INFLAMMATION (NIM)

UI = D002429

 

Cecal Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D002430

 

Cecostomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical construction of an opening into the cecum with a tube through the abdominal wall (tube cecostomy) or by skin level approach, in which the cecum is sewn to the surrounding peritoneum. Its primary purpose is decompression of colonic obstruction.

UI = D002431

 

Cecum

AN = cecitis = CECAL DISEASES (IM) + INFLAMMATION (NIM)

UI = D002432

 

Cefaclor

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN proposed for oral use.

UI = D002433

 

Cefadroxil

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative proposed especially for children with upper respiratory infections.

UI = D002434

 

Cefamandole

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.

UI = D002435

 

Cefatrizine

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.

UI = D002436

 

Cefazolin

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine. Side effects are similar to those of other cephalosporins.

UI = D002437

 

 

Cefmenoxime

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. The drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.

UI = D015281

 

Cefmetazole

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.

UI = D015311

 

Cefonicid

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is effective in the treatment of urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.

UI = D015790

 

 

 

Cefoperazone

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed especially against Pseudomonas infections.

UI = D002438

 

Cefotaxime

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin proposed for Pseudomonas infections.

UI = D002439

 

 

Cefotetan

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infections and to date no severe side effects have been noted.

UI = D015313

 

 

 

Cefotiam

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A cephalosporin antibiotic that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It is the drug of choice for biliary tract infections and is a safe drug for perinatal infections.

UI = D015310

 

 

 

Cefoxitin

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.

UI = D002440

 

Cefsulodin

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.

UI = D002441

 

Ceftazidime

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from CEPHALORIDINE and used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients.

UI = D002442

 

 

 

Ceftizoxime

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic which can be administered intravenously or by suppository. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It has few side effects and is reported to be safe and effective in aged patients and in patients with hematologic disorders.

UI = D015296

 

 

 

Ceftriaxone

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to usually inaccessible infections, including those involving the meninges, eyes, inner ears, and urinary tract.

UI = D002443

 

Cefuroxime

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, gonorrhea, and haemophilus.

UI = D002444

 

Celiac Artery

MS = The arterial trunk that arises from the abdominal aorta and after a short course divides into the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries.

UI = D002445

 

Celiac Disease

AN = intestinal malabsorpt in child or adult; non-tropical sprue: do not confuse X ref SPRUE with SPRUE, TROPICAL

MS = A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure.

UI = D002446

 

Celiac Plexus

AN = the largest autonomic plexus; in the abdomen

MS = A complex network of nerve fibers including sympathetic and parasympathetic efferents and visceral afferents. The celiac plexus is the largest of the autonomic plexuses and is located in the abdomen surrounding the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries.

UI = D002447

 

Celiprolol

AN = an antihypertensive & anti-arrhythmic

MS = A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist that may act as a partial agonist at some adrenergic sites.

UI = D017272

 

 

 

 

 

Cell Adhesion

AN = NIM; permitted with micro-organisms but BACTERIAL ADHESION is available

MS = Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

UI = D002448

 

Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuron-Glia

AN = do not confuse with CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, NEURONAL

MS = Cell adhesion molecules that mediate neuron-neuron adhesion and neuron-astrocyte adhesion. They are expressed on neurons and Schwann cells, but not astrocytes and are involved in neuronal migration, neurite fasciculation, and outgrowth. Ng-CAM is immunologically and structurally distinct from NCAM (Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules).

UI = D019062

 

 

Cell Aggregation

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms

MS = The phenomenon by which dissociated cells intermixed in vitro tend to group themselves with cells of their own type.

UI = D002449

 

 

Cell Adhesion Molecules

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CAMS

MS = Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis.

UI = D015815

 

 

 

Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal

AN = do not confuse with CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, NEURON-GLIA; do not confuse X ref NEURONAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES with NCAM for X ref NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULE

MS = Surface ligands that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion and function in the assembly and interconnection of the vertebrate nervous system. These molecules promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These are not to be confused with NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule), now known to be expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types in addition to nervous tissue.

UI = D015816

 

Cell Aging

AN = not for micro-organisms

MS = The decrease in the cell's ability to proliferate with the passing of time. Each cell is programmed for a certain number of cell divisions and at the end of that time proliferation halts. The cell enters a quiescent state after which it experiences CELL DEATH via the process of APOPTOSIS.

UI = D016922

 

Cell Communication

AN = not for micro-organisms

MS = Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.

UI = D002450

 

Cell Compartmentation

AN = permitted with micro-organisms

MS = A partitioning within cells due to the selectively permeable membranes which enclose each of the separate parts, e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.

UI = D002451

 

Cell Count

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms

MS = A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample.

UI = D002452

 

Cell Culture

AN = note category: do not confuse with CELLS, CULTURED (Cat A); NIM; ORGAN CULTURE & TISSUE CULTURE are also available

MS = A technique for maintenance or growth of animal cells in vitro. It refers to cultures derived from dispersed cells taken from the original tissue, from a primary culture, or from a cell line or cell strain by enzymatic, mechanical, or chemical disaggregation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells, 3d ed, p1)

UI = D018929

 

 

 

Cell Cycle

AN = NIM specific cell when merely test cell; coord with specific cell /cytol; permitted with micro-organisms; for various phases see note on CELL DIVISION; INTERPHASE is also available: see X refs there

MS = The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells.

UI = D002453

 

Cell Cycle Proteins

AN = DNA-binding proteins; control cell division cycle; DF: note short X ref

MS = Proteins that control the cell division cycle. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and phosphoprotein phosphatases (PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASE) as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and transcription factors.

UI = D018797

 

Cell Death

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms

MS = The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

UI = D016923

 

 

 

Cell Degranulation

AN = "the process of losing cytoplasmic granules"; IM; coord with specific cell /physiol (IM)

MS = The process of losing cytoplasmic granules. This occurs in mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and platelets when secretory products are released from the granules.

UI = D015550

 

 

Cell Differentiation

AN = NIM; cell differentiation is a normal process in morphogenesis: do not confuse with CYTOPATHOGENIC EFFECT, VIRAL or CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; the specific differentiating cell: coord CELL DIFFERENTIATION with specific cell /cytol, not /growth; not for micro-organisms; DF: CELL DIFFER

MS = Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

UI = D002454

 

Cell Division

AN = NIM; coord with specific cell /cytol; permitted with micro-organisms; 1st phase = PROPHASE, 2d phase = METAPHASE, 3d phase = ANAPHASE, final phase = TELOPHASE; INTERPHASE (a stage of CELL CYCLE, not CELL DIVISION) & its indentions are also available

MS = The fission of a cell.

UI = D002455

 

Cell Division Phases

AN = not used for indexing

MS = The stages which a cell undergoes when dividing. There are four successive phases: PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, and TELEPHASE.

UI = D002456

 

Cell Extracts

AN = extracts of cells or cell fractions containing uncharacterized factors; do not confuse with chemical substances "extracted" from cells; not for micro-organisms

MS = Preparations of cell constituents or subcellular materials, isolates, or substances.

UI = D002457

 

Cell Fractionation

AN = separation of cell components within the cell: do not confuse with CELL SEPARATION; NIM, no qualif; when IM, /instrum /methods permitted; permitted with micro-organisms

UI = D002458

 

Cell Fusion

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms; somatic cells only: not for sperm-ovum fusion ( = fertilization)

MS = Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization.

UI = D002459

 

 

 

 

Cell Hypoxia

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms

MS = A condition of decreased oxygen content at the cellular level.

UI = D015687

 

Cell Line

AN = almost never IM; no qualif when NIM, A 11 qualif when IM; TN 183: relation to CELLS, CULTURED & TISSUE CULTURE; policy: Manual 21.57, 22.26.1

UI = D002460

 

Cell Line, Transformed

AN = a cell line which "undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor; occurs spontaneously or with viruses, oncogenes, radiation or drugs/chemicals"; almost never IM; no qualif when NIM, A 11 qualif when IM

MS = Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.

UI = D002461

 

 

Cell Lineage

AN = note category: developmental hist of cell from first division of original cell; do not confuse with CELL LINE which is derived from cultured cells; IM GEN only

MS = The developmental history of cells as traced from the first division of the original cell or cells in the embryo.

UI = D019070

 

 

Cell Membrane

AN = NIM: coord with specific cell /ultrastruct (IM); IM only if point of article irrespective of identity of cell /ultrastruct (NIM); A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; permitted with micro-organisms

MS = The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In most types of microbial cell it is bordered externally by the CELL WALL. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

UI = D002462

 

Cell Membrane Permeability

AN = coord with substance /pharmacokin (IM) or /metab (IM)

MS = A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

UI = D002463

 

Cell Migration Inhibition

AN = no qualif; do not confuse with LEUKOCYTE ADHERENCE INHIBITION TEST

MS = Phenomenon of cell-mediated immunity measured by in vitro inhibition of the migration or phagocytosis of antigen-stimulated leukocytes or macrophages. Specific assays have been developed to estimate levels of migration inhibitory factor, immune reactivity against tumor-associated antigens, and immunosuppressive effects of infectious microorganisms.

UI = D002464

 

Cell Movement

AN = not for micro-organisms; coord IM with cell term (IM or NIM)

MS = The movement of cells from one location to another.

UI = D002465

 

Cell Nucleolus

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

MS = Within most types of eukaryotic CELL NUCLEUS, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rRNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. In the nucleolus rRNA is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rRNA and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

UI = D002466

 

Cell Nucleus

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

MS = Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

UI = D002467

 

Cell Physiology

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CELL PHYSIOL

MS = Characteristics and physiological processes of cells from cell division to cell death.

UI = D002468

 

 

 

Cell Polarity

AN = orientation of intracell struct to plasma membrane

MS = Orientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. Polarized cells must direct proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the appropriate domain since tight junctions prevent proteins from diffusing between the two domains.

UI = D016764

 

 

Cell Respiration

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms; for plant resp, coord NIM with PLANTS /metab (IM) or specific plant /metab (IM); CELL HYPOXIA is also available

MS = The exergonic metabolic processes in living cells, animal or plant, by which molecular oxygen is taken in, organic substances are oxidized, free energy is released, and carbon dioxide, water, and other oxidized products are given off by the cell. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1448)

UI = D019069

 

 

 

 

Cell Separation

AN = separation of 2 or more cells; do not confuse with CELL FRACTIONATION; NIM, no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; not for micro-organisms; flow cell sorting & fluorescence- activated cell sorting: coord with FLOW CYTOMETRY

UI = D002469

 

Cell Size

AN = not for micro-org; NIM; coord with organ /cytol or /pathol (IM) or specific cell /cytol or /pathol (IM)

MS = The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells.

UI = D017226

 

 

 

Cell Survival

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms

MS = The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

UI = D002470

 

Cell Transformation, Neoplastic

AN = do not confuse with CELL DIFFERENTIATION, a normal process in morphogenesis; Manual 24.4.1.10+; DF: CELL TRANSFORM NEOPL

MS = Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.

UI = D002471

 

Cell Transformation, Viral

AN = "changes in cell divis & growth ... & cell surface properties, induced by infection with transforming virus": do not confuse with CYTOPATHOGENIC EFFECT, VIRAL, morphol changes in cells or tissue during virus cultivation; DF: CELL TRANSFORM VIRAL

MS = An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.

UI = D002472

 

Cell Transplantation

AN = GEN & unspecified only: prefer /transpl with specific cells except blood cells (index under BLOOD COMPONENT TRANSFUSION or specific indention) (Manual 19.7+, 19.8.75); for transpl of cells of organs (lung cells), coord IM with organ /cytol (IM) (LUNG /cytol); available also are several types of technical transpl terms (e.g., TRANSPLANTATION, HETEROLOGOUS); immunol of cell transpl = TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY; DF: CELL TRANSPL

MS = Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species.

UI = D017690

 

 

 

Cell Wall

AN = NIM; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

MS = In most algae, bacteria, and fungi, the structure which forms a (usually rigid) layer external to the CELL MEMBRANE and which is responsible for the shape of the organism and for protecting it from mechanical damage, osmotic lysis, etc. It may also serve as a permeability barrier, e.g., to antibiotics and other substances. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

UI = D002473

 

Cell Wall Skeleton

AN = restrict to bacteria; a mucoprotein of the bact cell wall: do not confuse with CYTOSKELETON, a network within the cytoplasm; coord IM with specific bacterium /ultrastruct, /chem or other pertinent qualif

MS = A mucoprotein found in the cell wall of various types of bacteria. It has adjuvant and antitumor activities and has been used to augment the production of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells.

UI = D017358

 

 

Cell-Free System

AN = for study of subcellular fractions; not for micro-organisms; NIM; use A 11 qualif discreetly

MS = A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

UI = D002474

 

Cellobiose

AN = a disaccharide

MS = A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose.

UI = D002475

 

Cellophane

AN = D25-26 qualif

MS = A generic name for film produced from wood pulp by the viscose process. It is a thin, transparent sheeting of regenerated cellulose, moisture-proof and sometimes dyed, and used chiefly as food wrapping or as bags for dialysis. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002476

 

Cells

AN = GEN: avoid: /cytol is available with Cat A, as liver cell or hepatocyte = LIVER /cytol; /cytol is available also with Cat B; cell cycle, cell stages = CELL CYCLE; cell synchronization: index under CYTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES (NIM) CATALOG: form qualif permitted

MS = Minute protoplasmic masses that make up organized tissue, consisting of a nucleus which is surrounded by protoplasm which contains the various organelles and is enclosed in the cell or plasma membrane. Cells are the fundamental, structural, and functional units of living organisms. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002477

 

Cells, Cultured

AN = note category: do not confuse with CELL CULTURE (Cat E); not for bact or other micro-organisms; almost never IM; no qualif when NIM; A 11 qualif when IM; cell density in cultures & cell culture density: coord with CELL COUNT (NIM); TUMOR CELLS, CULTURED is available

MS = Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

UI = D002478

 

 

Cells, Immobilized

AN = NIM; specify cell if relevant, probably NIM; A 11 qualif

MS = Microbial, plant, or animal cells which are immobilized by attachment to solid structures, usually a column matrix. A common use of immobilized cells is in biotechnology for the bioconversion of a substrate to a particular product. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

UI = D018914

 

 

Cellulase

MS = An enzyme isolated from fungi and bacteria. It catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans. EC 3.2.1.4.

UI = D002480

 

Cellulitis

AN = "inflammation of loose connective tissue"; "cellulite" in Amer or Eng lit is indexed under OBESITY (IM) + ADIPOSE TISSUE (IM), in French lit "cellulite" can be "cellulite" or CELLULITIS

MS = An acute, diffuse, suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle. It occurs most commonly as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesion by various bacteria, but may also occur in previously normal skin especially in the presence of edema of lymphatic, renal, or hypostatic origin.

UI = D002481

 

Cellulose

MS = A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in CELLOBIOSE. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations.

UI = D002482

 

Cellulose, Oxidized

AN = a hemostatic; D25-26 qualif

MS = A cellulose of varied carboxyl content retaining the fibrous structure. It is used as a local hemostatic and as a matrix for normal blood coagulation.

UI = D002483

 

Cementation

MS = The joining of objects by means of a cement (e.g., in fracture fixation, such as in hip arthroplasty for joining of the acetabular component to the femoral component). In dentistry, it is used for the process of attaching parts of a tooth or restorative material to a natural tooth or for the attaching of orthodontic bands to teeth by means of an adhesive.

UI = D002484

 

Cementoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = An odontogenic fibroma in which cells have developed into cementoblasts and which consists largely of cementum.

UI = D002485

 

 

Censuses

AN = for modern & hist censuses; IM; specify geog

MS = Enumerations of populations usually recording identities of all persons in every place of residence with age or date of birth, sex, occupation, national origin, language, marital status, income, relation to head of household, information on the dwelling place, education, literacy, health-related data (e.g., permanent disability), etc. The census or "numbering of the people" is mentioned several times in the Old Testament. Among the Romans, censuses were intimately connected with the enumeration of troops before and after battle and probably a military necessity. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 3d ed; Garrison, An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th ed, p66, p119)

UI = D019352

 

 

Centchroman

AN = a contraceptive

MS = A non-steroidal anti-fertility agent with anti-hormonal properties.

UI = D002486

 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)

AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as NIH/PHS SUP; DF: CDC or CDCP CATALOG: use NAF entry

MS = An agency of the UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE that conducts and supports programs for the prevention and control of disease and provides consultation and assistance to health departments and other countries.

UI = D002487

 

Central African Republic

AN = a country in central Africa, formerly Ubangi-Shari

MS = A republic in central Africa lying south of CHAD, west of SUDAN, north of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, and east of CAMEROON. In 1906 it united with Chad to form the French colony of Ubangi-Shari-Chad and, through various changes in status, achieved independence in 1960. The earlier name Ubangi-Shari comes from the Bantu u (land or country) + bangi (rapid), with reference to the current of the river and territory through which it flows, and Shari or Chari, a native word for river. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p233 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p370, 562)

UI = D002488

 

Central America

UI = D002489

 

Central Nervous System

AN = text must discuss both brain & spinal cord; prefer BRAIN or SPINAL CORD; neural tube: index CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM /embryol; "CNS effects" or "central effects" of drugs in texts usually means BRAIN /drug eff, not CNS /drug eff; /drug eff: consider terms in D14 & D15

MS = That portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002490

 

Central Nervous System Agents

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; consider also CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff & BRAIN /drug eff; DF: CNS AGENTS

MS = A class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms. They can be divided into "specific" agents, e.g., affecting an identifiable molecular mechanism unique to target cells bearing receptors for that agent, and "nonspecific" agents, those producing effects on different target cells and acting by diverse molecular mechanisms. Those with nonspecific mechanisms are generally further classed according to whether they produce behavioral depression or stimulation. Those with specific mechanisms are classed by locus of action or specific therapeutic use. (From Gilman AG, et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p252)

UI = D002491

 

Central Nervous System Depressants

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; consider also CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff or BRAIN /drug eff; DF: CNS DEPRESS

MS = A very loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. The major groups included here are ethyl alcohol, anesthetics, hypnotics and sedatives, narcotics, and tranquilizing agents (antipsychotics and antianxiety agents).

UI = D002492

 

Central Nervous System Diseases

AN = text must discuss both brain & spinal cord diseases; prefer specifics; DF: CNS DIS

UI = D002493

 

Central Nervous System Infections

AN = must be both brain + spinal cord; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific infect (IM); DF: CNS INFECT

MS = Diseases of the central nervous sytem collectively, caused by pathogenic organisms.

UI = D002494

 

 

Central Nervous System Neoplasms

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer BRAIN NEOPLASMS or SPINAL CORD NEOPLASMS or MENINGEAL NEOPLASMS or their precoord specifics; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); DF: CNS NEOPL

MS = Neoplasms located in the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.

UI = D016543

 

 

Central Nervous System Stimulants

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff & BRAIN /drug eff; DF: CNS STIMULANTS

MS = A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to increase behavioral alertness, agitation, or excitation. They work by a variety of mechanisms, but usually not by direct excitation of neurons. The many drugs that have such actions as side effects to their main therapeutic use are not included here.

UI = D000697

 

 

 

Central Supply, Hospital

AN = do not confuse with CENTRALIZED HOSPITAL SERVICES

MS = Hospital department responsible for receiving, storing, and distributing medical and surgical supplies and equipment.

UI = D002495

 

Central Venous Pressure

MS = The venous pressure as measured at the right atrium, done by means of a catheter introduced through the median cubital vein to the superior vena cava, the distal end of the catheter being attached to a manometer. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002496

 

Centralized Hospital Services

AN = do not confuse with CENTRAL SUPPLY, HOSPITAL; DF: CENTRALIZED HOSP SERV

MS = The coordination of services in one area of a facility to improve efficiency.

UI = D002497

 

 

Centric Relation

AN = NIM; no qualif; DF: CENTRIC RELAT

MS = The location of the maxillary and the mandibular condyles when they are in their most posterior and superior positions in their fossae of the temporomandibular joint.

UI = D016302

 

 

 

Centrifugation

AN = as a lab technique & to simulate gravitational eff in space; NIM

MS = Process of using a rotating machine to generate centrifugal force to separate substances of different densities, remove moisture, or simulate gravitational effects. It employs a large motor-driven apparatus with a long arm, at the end of which human and animal subjects, biological specimens, or equipment can be revolved and rotated at various speeds to study gravitational effects. (From Websters, 10th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002498

 

Centrifugation, Density Gradient

AN = a type of ultracentrif; NIM; index sucrose density gradient centrif here but ignore SUCROSE

MS = Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002499

 

Centrifugation, Isopycnic

AN = a type of density gradient centrif; NIM

MS = Centrifugation in which the solvent is of the same density as the substance to be isolated. From the Greek iso-, equal and pyknos, thick. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002500

 

Centrifugation, Zonal

AN = a type of density gradient centrif; NIM

MS = Centrifugation using a rotating chamber of large capacity in which to separate cell organelles by density-gradient centrifugation. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002501

 

Centrioles

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

MS = Self-replicating, short, fibrous, rod-shaped organelles. Each centriole is a short cylinder containing nine pairs of peripheral microtubules, arranged so as to form the wall of the cylinder.

UI = D002502

 

Centromere

MS = The clear constricted portion of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division.

UI = D002503

 

Centrosome

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol

MS = The cell center, consisting of a pair of centrioles surrounded by a cloud of amorphous material. During interphase, the centrosome nucleates microtubule outgrowth. In prophase the centrosome duplicates and separates to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle (MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS).

UI = D018385

 

 

Cephacetrile

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Derivative of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.

UI = D002505

 

Cephalexin

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.

UI = D002506

 

Cephaloglycin

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A cephalorsporin antibiotic.

UI = D002507

 

Cephalometry

AN = living skull only; for dead skull, use CRANIOMETRY; do not restrict to radiogr cephalometry & do not restrict to dental; NIM

MS = Scientific measurement of the dimensions of the head. In dentistry, certain combinations of measurements developed from tracing the oriented lateral and frontal radiographic head film are used to assess craniofacial growth and development and to determine the nature of the orthodontic treatment response.

UI = D002508

 

Cephaloridine

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A cephalosporin antibiotic.

UI = D002509

 

 

Cephalosporanic Acids

AN = a group of lactams

MS = A family of organic compounds that are composed of a dihydrothiazine ring and a beta-lactam ring.

UI = D018905

 

Cephalosporin Resistance

AN = coord IM with specific cephalosporin (IM)

MS = Non-susceptibility of an organism to the action of the cephalosporins.

UI = D018550

 

Cephalosporinase

UI = D002510

 

Cephalosporins

MS = A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the beta-lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.

UI = D002511

 

Cephalothin

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A cephalosporin antibiotic.

UI = D002512

 

Cephamycins

MS = Naturally occurring family of beta-lactam cephalosporin-type antibiotics having a 7-methoxy group and possessing marked resistance to the action of beta-lactamases from gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.

UI = D002513

 

Cephapirin

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.

UI = D002514

 

Cephradine

AN = a cephalosporin, a lactam antibiotic

MS = A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.

UI = D002515

 

Ceramics

AN = not restricted to dentistry; D25-26 qualif

MS = Products made by baking or firing nonmetallic minerals (clay and similar materials). In making dental restorations or parts of restorations the material is fused porcelain. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

UI = D002516

 

Ceramide Trihexosidase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a ceramidetrihexoside to a ceramidedihexoside plus galactose. EC 3.2.1.47.

UI = D002517

 

Ceramides

AN = carbohydrate ceramides: index under CEREBROSIDES (one carbohydrate group) or GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS (more than one carbohydrate group)

MS = Members of the class of neutral glycosphingolipids. They are the basic units of SPHINGOLIPIDS. They are sphingoids attached via their amino groups to a long chain fatty acyl group. They abnormally accumulate in FABRY DISEASE.

UI = D002518

 

Ceratopogonidae

AN = do not confuse X ref CULICOIDES with CULEX, mosquito; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111; gall midges: index under DIPTERA

MS = A family of biting midges, in the order DIPTERA. It includes the genus Culicoides which transmits filarial parasites pathogenic to man and other primates.

UI = D002519

 

 

Cercocebus

AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE inhabiting the African forests. They are also known as mangabeys.

UI = D016664

 

Cercocebus atys

AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A species of Old World monkeys from the genera CERCOCEBUS that is important in AIDS research. They may be naturally or experimentally infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus. They inhabit African forests from Sierra Leone to the Congo Republic.

UI = D016665

 

 

 

 

 

Cercopithecidae

AN = a family of Old World monkeys: do not confuse with CERCOPITHECINAE, a subfamily; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = The family of Old World monkeys and baboons consisting of two subfamilies: CERCOPITHECINAE and COLOBINAE. They are found in Africa and part of Asia.

UI = D002520

 

 

Cercopithecinae

AN = a subfamily of Old World monkeys: do not confuse with CERCOPITHECIDAE, the family; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A subfamily of the Old World monkeys, CERCOPITHECIDAE. They inhabit the forests and savannas of Africa. This subfamily contains the following genera: CERCOCEBUS, CERCOPITHECUS, ERYTHROCEBUS, MACACA, PAPIO, and THEROPITHECUS.

UI = D016663

 

 

Cercopithecus

AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A genus of Old World monkeys found in Africa although some species have been introduced into the West Indies. This genus is composed of at least twenty species: C. AETHIOPS, C. ascanius, C. campbelli, C. cephus, C. denti, C. diana, C. dryas, C. erythrogaster, C. erythrotis, C. hamlyni, C. lhoesti, C. mitis, C. mona, C. neglectus, C. nictitans, C. petaurista, C. pogonias, C. preussi, C. salongo, and C. wolfi.

UI = D002521

 

Cercopithecus aethiops

AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannas of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIV and is used in AIDS research.

UI = D002522

 

Cereals

AN = the plant, seed or grain; do not restrict to processed grain or cereals such as breakfast food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = Those grasses which yield edible seeds commonly recognized as food grains.

UI = D002523

 

Cerebellar Ataxia

AN = dentate cerebellar ataxia = CEREBELLAR DYSSYNERGIA; familial: consider also SPINOCEREBELLAR DEGENERATION

UI = D002524

 

Cerebellar Cortex

UI = D002525

 

Cerebellar Diseases

AN = GEN: prefer specifics

UI = D002526

 

Cerebellar Dyssynergia

AN = also called dentate cerebellar ataxia & Ramsay Hunt dentate syndrome; note X refs: named for Amer neurologist James Ramsay Hunt: spell Ramsay Hunt in titles & translations without hyphen

MS = A condition marked by generalized intention tremors associated with disturbance of muscle tone and of muscular coordination, caused by a disorder of cerebellar function. (Dorland, 27th ed.)

UI = D002527

 

Cerebellar Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = Neoplasms located in the cerebellum.

UI = D002528

 

Cerebellar Nuclei

MS = Four accumulations of gray substance embedded in the white substance of the cerebellum, comprising the nucleus dentatus, nucleus emboliformis, nucleus globosus, and nucleus fastigii. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002529

 

Cerebellopontine Angle

AN = diseases: coord IM with CEREBELLAR DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord (IM) with CEREBELLAR NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = Junction between the cerebellum and the pons.

UI = D002530

 

Cerebellum

AN = cerebellar artery = CEREBELLUM /blood supply (IM) + ARTERIES (NIM)

UI = D002531

 

 

Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

AN = amyloid deposits in cerebral cortex & meninges

MS = A pathological condition characterized by the deposition of amyloid in the walls of small vessels in the cerebral cortex and meninges. This biochemically heterogeneous entity is most commonly associated with stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, and miscellaneous neurologic conditions. Cerebral hemorrhage is common in persons with this condition.

UI = D016657

 

 

 

Cerebral Aneurysm

AN = aneurysm of cerebral artery; congen cerebral arteriovenous aneurysm = CEREBRAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS

MS = A saccular aneurysm of a cerebral artery, usually at the junction of vessels in the circle of Willis, having a narrow opening into the artery.

UI = D002532

 

Cerebral Angiography

AN = GEN or unspecified only: not a substitute for CEREBRAL ARTERIES /radiogr or CEREBRAL VEINS /radiogr; NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CEREBRAL ANGIOGR

MS = Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.

UI = D002533

 

Cerebral Anoxia

AN = reduced supply of oxygen to the brain; do not confuse with CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA, reduced blood supply

MS = A reduced supply of oxygen to the brain.

UI = D002534

 

Cerebral Aqueduct

UI = D002535

 

Cerebral Arteries

AN = for cerebral arteries in general or unspecified or for specific cerebral arteries not in MeSH or as coord (IM) for arteries of specific parts of brain indented under CEREBRAL CORTEX in tree (IM); not as coord for non-cerebrum parts of the brain, as cerebellar artery ( = CEREBELLUM /blood supply (IM) + ARTERIES (NIM), not CEREBRAL ARTERIES); /abnorm: consider also CEREBRAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS

MS = The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex.

UI = D002536

 

Cerebral Arteriosclerosis

UI = D002537

 

Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; congen cerebral arteriovenous fistula or aneurysm: coord IM with ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA /congen (IM) CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Vascular anomalies in which tangles of arteries are connected directly to veins without intervening capillaries. The resulting vessels are thin-walled owing to poorly developed elastic and muscle tissue within the media. They can be located anywhere in the brain and can produce headaches, seizures, focal neurologic deficits, or intracranial hemorrhage. Familial cases are rare, indicating that the problem reflects sporadic abnormalities in embryologic development. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2166)

UI = D002538

 

Cerebral Artery Diseases

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; see note under CEREBRAL ARTERIES for scope of "cerebral arteries"

UI = D002539

 

Cerebral Cortex

AN = /surg: probably CEREBRAL DECORTICATION

MS = The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

UI = D002540

 

Cerebral Decortication

AN = "partial or total removal, ablation or destruction of the cerebral cortex; may be chemical"; usually exper; coord IM or NIM with specific part of brain with probably /physiol (IM)

MS = Partial or total removal, ablation, or destruction of the cerebral cortex; may be chemical. It is not used with animals that do not possess a cortex, i.e., it is used only with mammals.

UI = D002541

 

Cerebral Embolism and Thrombosis

AN = DF: CEREBRAL EMBOLISM

MS = Embolism or thrombosis occurring in a cerebral vessel often leading to cerebral infarction.

UI = D002542

 

Cerebral Hemorrhage

UI = D002543

 

Cerebral Infarction

AN = cerebrovasc disord caused by infarct of brain tissue; DF: CEREBRAL INFARCT

MS = Infarction of brain tissue.

UI = D002544

 

Cerebral Ischemia

AN = reduced blood supply to the brain; clin or exper; CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA, TRANSIENT is available; do not confuse with CEREBRAL ANOXIA, reduced oxygen supply

MS = Deficiency in blood supply to the brain.

UI = D002545

 

Cerebral Ischemia, Transient

AN = clin or exper; "nonconvulsive, reversible, focal", lasting from a few minutes up to 24 hrs; note 2d X ref also called TIA

MS = Nonconvulsive, reversible, focal neurologic deficits lasting minutes up to about 24 hours, resulting mainly from arteriosclerosis, emboli, or hypertensive episodes.

UI = D002546

 

Cerebral Palsy

AN = spasticity in cerebral palsy: do not index under MUSCLE SPASTICITY unless especially discussed & then only NIM

MS = A persisting qualitative motor disorder appearing before the age of three years, due to nonprogressive damage to the brain. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002547

 

Cerebral Revascularization

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Microsurgical revascularization to improve intracranial circulation. It usually involves joining the extracranial circulation to the intracranial circulation but may include extracranial revascularization (e.g., subclavian-vertebral artery bypass, subclavian-external carotid artery bypass). It is performed by joining two arteries (direct anastomosis or use of graft) or by free autologous transplantation of highly vascularized tissue to the surface of the brain.

UI = D002548

 

Cerebral Sclerosis, Diffuse

AN = progressive diffuse degen of white matter

MS = Diffuse progressive degeneration of the white matter of the brain, accompanied by mental deterioration, severe motor disturbances, and early death.

UI = D002549

 

Cerebral Veins

MS = Veins draining the cerebrum.

UI = D002550

 

Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = Neoplasms located in the brain ventricles including the two lateral, third, and fourth ventricles.

UI = D002551

 

Cerebral Ventricles

AN = ventriculitis: coord IM with ENCEPHALITIS (IM)

UI = D002552

 

Cerebral Ventriculography

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CEREBRAL VENTRICULOGR

MS = Radiography of the ventricular system of the brain after injection of air or other contrast medium directly into the cerebral ventricles. It is used also for x-ray computed tomography of the cerebral ventricles.

UI = D014695

 

 

Cerebroside-Sulfatase

AN = /defic: consider also LEUKODYSTROPHY, METACHROMATIC

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cerebroside 3-sulfate (sulfatide) to yield a cerebroside and inorganic sulfate. A marked deficiency of arylsulfatase A, which is considered the heat-labile component of cerebroside sulfatase, has been demonstrated in all forms of metachromatic leukodystrophy (LEUKODYSTROPHY, METACHROMATIC). EC 3.1.6.8.

UI = D002553

 

Cerebrosides

MS = Neutral glycosphingolipids that contain a monosaccharide, normally glucose or galactose, in 1-ortho-beta-glycosidic linkage with the primary alcohol of an N-acyl sphingoid (ceramide). In plants the monosaccharide is normally glucose and the sphingoid usually phytosphingosine. In animals, the monosaccharide is usually galactose, though this may vary with the tissue and the sphingoid is usually sphingosine or dihydrosphingosine. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1st ed)

UI = D002554

 

Cerebrospinal Fluid

AN = IM as substance only: with diseases & drugs, use /csf as qualif: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.12; csf production = /physiol, not /secret; csf pressure = CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PRESSURE; DF: CSF

UI = D002555

 

 

Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure

AN = DF: CSF PRESSURE

MS = Manometric pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid as measured by lumbar, cerebroventricular, or cisternal puncture. Within the cranial cavity it is called INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE.

UI = D015170

 

 

Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins

AN = IM & coord with specific protein /csf (IM)

MS = Proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid, normally albumin and globulin present in the ratio of 8 to 1. Increases in protein levels are of diagnostic value in neurological diseases. (Brain and Bannister's Clinical Neurology, 7th ed, p221)

UI = D002556

 

Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; NIM destination of shunt; VENTRICULOPERITONEAL SHUNT is available

MS = Tubes inserted to create communication between a cerebral ventricle and the internal jugular vein. Their emplacement permits draining of cerebrospinal fluid for relief of hydrocephalus or other condition leading to fluid accumulation in the ventricles.

UI = D002557

 

Cerebrospinal Otorrhea

AN = csf discharge through ear or eustachian tube; DF: CSF OTORRHEA

MS = Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the external auditory meatus or through the eustachian tube into the nasopharynx.

UI = D002558

 

Cerebrospinal Rhinorrhea

AN = csf discharge through nose; DF: CSF RHINORRHEA

MS = Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose.

UI = D002559

 

Cerebrovascular Circulation

AN = consider also BRAIN /blood supply; DF: CEREBROVASCULAR CIRC

MS = The circulation of blood through the vessels of the brain.

UI = D002560

 

Cerebrovascular Disorders

AN = GEN; note X ref APOPLEXY but PITUITARY APOPLEXY is available

UI = D002561

 

Ceremonial Behavior

AN = human & animal; no qualif

MS = A series of actions, sometimes symbolic actions which may be associated with a behavior pattern, and are often indispensable to its performance.

UI = D002562

 

Cerium

AN = a rare earth metal; Ce-140

MS = An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.

UI = D002563

 

Cerium Isotopes

AN = Ce-136, 138, 142; NIM; no qualif

MS = Stable cerium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cerium, but differ in atomic weight. Ce-136, 138, and 142 are stable cerium isotopes.

UI = D002564

 

Cerium Radioisotopes

AN = Ce-132-135, 137, 139, 141-148; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

MS = Unstable isotopes of cerium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ce atoms with atomic weights 132-135, 137, 139, and 141-148 are radioactive cerium isotopes.

UI = D002565

 

 

Cermet Cements

AN = cermet stands for "CERamic" & "METal"; D25-26 qualif

MS = Fluoride-releasing restorative materials made by the sintering of metal (usually silver) particles to glass ionomer powder. Glass ionomers are fluoride-releasing cements that are not very durable. Sintering of the metal particles is a means of improving those physical properties that will make the glass ionomer cement more durable.

UI = D016722

 

 

Ceroid

AN = a lipid pigment

MS = A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to lipofuscin. It accumulates in various tissues in certain experimental and pathological conditions.

UI = D002566

 

Certificate of Need

AN = regional or area needs, not personal or financial need; specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A certificate issued by a governmental body to an individual or organization proposing to construct or modify a health facility, or to offer a new or different service. The process of issuing the certificate is also included.

UI = D002567

 

Certification

AN = by the profession; certif by various bds can go here but consider also LICENSURE; coord IM with specialty or discipline (IM); specify geog CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Compliance with a set of standards defined by non-governmental organizations. Certification is applied for by individuals on a voluntary basis and represents a professional status when achieved, e.g., certification for a medical specialty.

UI = D002568

 

Cerulenin

AN = an antifungal antibiotic; do not confuse with CERULEIN see CAERULEIN

MS = 2,3-Epoxy-4-oxo-7,10-dodecadionamide. Antifungal antibiotic isolated from several species, including Acremonium (Cephalosporium), Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function and is used as a biochemical tool.

UI = D002569

 

Ceruloplasmin

AN = an alpha-globulin

UI = D002570

 

Cerumen

MS = The waxlike secretion found within the external meatus of the ear. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002571

 

Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with CERVIX NEOPLASMS (IM); DF: CIN

MS = A malignancy arising in uterine cervical epithelium and confined thereto, representing a continuum of histological changes ranging from well-differentiated CIN 1 (formerly, mild dysplasia) to severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ, CIN 3. The lesion arises at the squamocolumnar cell junction at the transformation zone of the endocervical canal, with a variable tendency to develop invasive epidermoid carcinoma, a tendency that is enhanced by concomitant human papillomaviral infection. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

UI = D018290

 

 

 

Cervical Plexus

AN = a network of spinal nerves

MS = A network of nerve fibers originating in the upper four cervical spinal cord segments. The cervical plexus distributes cutaneous nerves to parts of the neck, shoulders, and back of the head, and motor fibers to muscles of the cervical spinal column, infrahyoid muscles, and the diaphragm.

UI = D002572

 

Cervical Rib Syndrome

AN = a nerve compression syndrome: pain over shoulder radiating down arm & up neck

MS = Pain over the shoulder, often extending down the arm (cervicobrachial) or radiating up the back of the neck due to compression of the nerve and vessels between a cervical rib and the scalenus anticus muscle. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002573

 

Cervical Ripening

MS = A change in the cervix with respect to its readiness to relax. The cervix becomes softer, more flexible, more distensible, and shorter in the final weeks of pregnancy. Though naturally occurring during normal pregnancy, it can also be induced for certain cases of prolonged or high-risk pregnancy by administration of hormones.

UI = D020070

 

 

 

Cervical Vertebrae

AN = do not use as site to locate intraspinal inject or spinal cord inj: restrict to cerv vert as the bones themselves; coord IM with specific spinal disease (IM); inflammation = CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (IM) + SPONDYLITIS (IM)

UI = D002574

 

Cervicitis

AN = inflamm of cervix uteri

MS = Inflammation of the cervix uteri. (Dorland 27th ed)

UI = D002575

 

Cervico-Brachial Neuralgia

MS = Neuralgic pain of acute onset caused by lesions of the peripheral nerves or nerve roots affecting the upper limb, shoulder girdle, or brachial plexus.

UI = D002576

 

Cervix Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = CERVICITIS

UI = D002577

 

Cervix Dysplasia

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A spectrum of histologic changes in the epithelium of the cervix uteri which may begin as a superficial lesion and progress to invasive carcinoma.

UI = D002578

 

Cervix Erosion

UI = D002579

 

Cervix Incompetence

AN = leads to habitual abortion; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

MS = Habitual abortion in which painless bloodless dilatation of the cervix in the second trimester of pregnancy is followed by rupture of membranes and expulsion of a fetus so immature that it usually dies.

UI = D002581

 

Cervix Mucus

MS = A slightly alkaline secretion of the endocervical glands. The consistency and amount are dependent on the physiological hormone changes in the menstrual cycle. It contains the glycoprotein mucin, amino acids, sugar, enzymes, and electrolytes, with a water content up to 90%. The mucus is a useful protection against the ascent of bacteria and sperm into the uterus. (From Dictionary of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1988)

UI = D002582

 

Cervix Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D002583

 

Cervix Uteri

AN = inflammation = CERVICITIS; conization = CERVIX UTERI /pathol (IM) + CONIZATION (IM)

UI = D002584

 

Cesarean Section

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; anesthesia in cesareans: coord IM with ANESTHESIA, OBSTETRICAL (IM)

MS = Extraction of the fetus by means of abdominal hysterotomy.

UI = D002585

 

Cesarean Section, Repeat

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

MS = Extraction of the fetus by abdominal hysterotomy anytime following a previous cesarean.

UI = D017604

 

 

Cesium

AN = an alkali metal; Cs-133

MS = A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.

UI = D002586

 

Cesium Isotopes

AN = Cs-133; NIM; no qualif

MS = Stable cesium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cesium, but differ in atomic weight. Cs-133 is a naturally occurring isotope.

UI = D002587

 

Cesium Radioisotopes

AN = Cs-123,125-32,134-144; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

MS = Unstable isotopes of cesium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cs atoms with atomic weights of 123, 125-132, and 134-145 are radioactive cesium isotopes.

UI = D002588

 

Cestoda

AN = GEN; IM; infection = CESTODE INFECTIONS; /drug eff: consider also ANTICESTODAL AGENTS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A subclass of segmented worms comprising the tapeworms.

UI = D002589

 

Cestode Infections

AN = helminth infect; GEN only; prefer specifics; /drug ther: consider also ANTICESTODAL AGENTS

MS = Infections with true tapeworms of the helminth subclass CESTODA.

UI = D002590

 

Cetacea

AN = mammals; GEN or unspecified; prefer DOLPHINS or PORPOISES or WHALES; IM; qualif permitted

MS = An order of wholly aquatic mammals occurring in all the oceans and adjoining seas of the world, as well as in certain river systems. Some cetaceans are the only animals other than elephants that have a brain larger than man's. Most have eyes well adapted to underwater vision and can also see well above water. They produce numerous underwater sounds used in echolocation. They feed generally on fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans. Most are gregarious and most have a relatively long period of parental care and maturation. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp969-70)

UI = D002591

 

 

Cetirizine

AN = a histamine H1 antag

MS = A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.

UI = D017332

 

 

Cetomacrogol

AN = a surfactant; D25-26 qualif

MS = Non-ionic surfactant of the polyethylene glycol family. It is used as a solubilizer and emulsifying agent in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, often as an ointment base, and also as a research tool.

UI = D002592

 

Cetrimonium Compounds

AN = anti-infectives; D25-26 qualif; DF: CETRIMONIUM CPDS

MS = Cetyltrimethylammonium compounds that have cationic detergent, antiseptic, and disinfectant activities. They are used in pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics as preservatives; on skin, mucous membranes, etc., as antiseptics or cleansers, and also as emulsifiers. These compounds are toxic when used orally due to neuromuscular blockade.

UI = D002593

 

Cetylpyridinium

AN = an anti-infective; = Cepacol

MS = Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.

UI = D002594

 

Cevanes

AN = a Veratrum alkaloid

UI = D002595

 

Chad

AN = a republic in central Africa

MS = A republic in central Africa, west of SUDAN. Its capital is N'Djamena, called Fort-Lamy before 1973. Explored in 1891 by the French, it became part of French Equatorial Africa in 1910 and, after many changes of status, became independent in 1960. The republic is named from Lake Chad, from the Arabic tsad, a local word meaning large expanse of water (or lake). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p239, 407 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p104)

UI = D002596

 

Chaetomium

MS = A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Chaetomiaceae, order SORDIRIALES. Many members are cellulolytic and some mycotoxic. They occur naturally on paper and cotton fabric.

UI = D002597

 

Chagas Cardiomyopathy

AN = a cardiac form of trypanosomiasis; coord IM with specific heart disease (NIM)

MS = Cardiomyopathy with conduction defects and cardiac enlargement characteristic of the last phase of CHAGAS DISEASE.

UI = D002598

 

 

Chagas Disease

AN = protozoan infect caused by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI so do not coord with TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI for trypanosomiasis cruzi; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY is also available: see note there

MS = A form of trypanosomiasis endemic in Central and South America, caused by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. It may follow either an acute or chronic course, the former commonly in children.

UI = D014355

 

 

Chalazion

AN = eyelid cyst; non-neoplastic

MS = An eyelid mass that results from chronic inflammation of a meibomian gland and shows a granulomatous reaction to liberated fat when subject to histopathological examination. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D017043

 

Chalcogens

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals; "oxygen, polonium, selenium, sulfur & tellurium" as a group; prefer specifics

MS = The group of elements that form group VI of the periodic table.

UI = D018011

 

 

 

Chalcone

AN = a propriophenone: do not confuse with CHALONES see GROWTH INHIBITORS

MS = 1,3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-one.

UI = D002599

 

Chancre

AN = primary lesion of syphilis: do not confuse with CHANCROID (caused by Haemophilus ducreyi)

MS = The primary sore of syphilis, a painless indurated, eroded papule, occurring at the site of entry of the infection.

UI = D002601

 

Chancroid

AN = caused by Haemophilus ducreyi; do not confuse with CHANCRE, the primary lesion of syphilis

MS = Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by HAEMOPHILUS DUCREYI, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas.

UI = D002602

 

Channel Islands

AN = Channel refers to the English Channel

MS = A group of four British islands and several islets in the English Channel off the coast of France. They are known to have been occupied prehistorically. They were a part of Normandy in 933 but were united to the British crown at the time of the Norman Conquest in 1066. Guernsey and Jersey originated noted breeds of cattle. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p242)

UI = D002603

 

Chaperonin 10

AN = from bacteria, plastids or mitochondria; DF: note short X ref

MS = Members of the chaperonin heat-shock protein family. Chaperonin 10 purified from bacteria, plastids, or mitochondria occurs as an oligomer of seven identical subunits arranged in a single ring.

UI = D018835

 

Chaperonin 60

AN = from bacteria, plastids or mitochondria; DF: note short X ref

MS = Members of the chaperonin heat-shock protein family. Chaperonin 60 purified from bacteria, plastids, or mitochondria is an oligomeric protein with a distinctive structure of fourteen subunits, arranged in two rings of seven subunits each.

UI = D018834

 

Chaperonins

AN = a class of molecular chaperones; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = A class of sequence-related MOLECULAR CHAPERONES found in bacteria, mitochondria, and plastids. Chaperonins are abundant constitutive proteins that increase in amount after stresses such as heat shock, bacterial infection of macrophages, and an increase in the cellular content of unfolded proteins. Bacterial chaperonins are major immunogens in human bacterial infections because of their accumulation during the stress of infection. Two members of this class of chaperones are CHAPERONIN 10 and CHAPERONIN 60.

UI = D018833

 

 

Chaplaincy Service, Hospital

AN = IM; coord with specific religion (IM) if pertinent; DF: CHAPLAINCY SERV HOSP

MS = Hospital department which administers religious activities within the hospital, e.g., pastoral care, religious services.

UI = D002604

 

Character

AN = no qualif

MS = In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual.

UI = D002605

 

Charcoal

AN = a form of carbon; D25-26 qualif only

MS = An amorphous form of carbon prepared from the incomplete combustion of animal or vegetable matter, e.g., wood. The activated form of charcoal is used in the treatment of poisoning. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D002606

 

Charcot-Marie Disease

AN = a progressive musc atrophy; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (occasionally of the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decades.

UI = D002607

 

Charities

AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Social welfare organizations with programs designed to assist individuals in times of need.

UI = D002608

 

Charts [Publication Type]

MS = Information presented in graphic form, for example, graphs or diagrams.

UI = D020468

 

Charybdotoxin

AN = a scorpion venom; DF: note short X ref

MS = A 37-amino acid residue peptide isolated from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. It is a neurotoxin that inhibits calcium activated potassium channels.

UI = D018999

 

 

 

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

AN = "a form of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunct"

MS = A form of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction characterized by unusual oculocutaneous albinism, high incidence of lymphoreticular neoplasms, and recurrent pyogenic infections. In many cell types, abnormal lysosomes are present leading to defective pigment distribution and abnormal neutrophil functions. The disease is transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance and a similar disorder occurs in the beige mouse, the Aleutian mink, and albino Hereford cattle.

UI = D002609

 

Cheek

AN = for that external portion of face or that internal portion of mouth; NIM for hamster cheek pouch; buccal mucosa = MOUTH MUCOSA (IM) + CHEEK (NIM); cheek bone fracture = ZYGOMATIC FRACTURES

UI = D002610

 

Cheese

MS = A nutritious food consisting primarily of the curd or the semisolid substance formed when milk coagulates.

UI = D002611

 

Cheetahs

AN = IM; qualif permitted

MS = Long-legged, swift-moving felines from Africa (and formerly Asia) about the size of a small leopard.

UI = D002612

 

Cheilitis

AN = inflamm of the lips

MS = Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.

UI = D002613

 

 

Cheirogaleidae

AN = prosimians; do not confuse X refs with genus LEMUR; IM; qualif permitted

MS = A family of the order PRIMATES, suborder Strepsirhini (PROSIMII), containing five genera. All inhabitants of Madagascar, the genera are: Allocebus, Cheirogaleus (dwarf lemurs), Microcebus (mouse lemurs), Mirza, and Phaner.

UI = D016565

 

 

 

Chelating Agents

AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific chelating agent (IM) + metal being chelated (IM)

MS = Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination bonds with a central metal ion. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the central metal atom as part of the ring. Some biological systems form metal chelates, e.g., the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-binding chlorophyll of plants. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) They are used chemically to remove ions from solutions, medicinally against microorganisms, to treat metal poisoning, and in chemotherapy protocols.

UI = D002614

 

 

Chelation Therapy

AN = coord IM with specific chelating agent /ther use (IM) + metal being chelated with no qualif

MS = Therapy of heavy metal poisoning using agents which sequester the metal from organs or tissues and bind it firmly within the ring structure of a new compound which can be eliminated from the body.

UI = D015913

 

 

Chemexfoliation

MS = Application of a cauterant to the skin for the purpose of causing a superficial destruction of the epidermis and upper layers of the dermis. After healing, the treated area has new epithelium.

UI = D002615

 

Chemical Actions

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

MS = A collective grouping for how the application of drugs and chemicals result in the prevention, treatment, cure or diagnosis of disease. Included here are drugs and chemicals that act by altering normal body functions, such as the REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS and ANESTHETICS. Effects of chemicals on the environment are also included.

UI = D020228

 

 

 

Chemical Actions and Uses

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

MS = A group of pharmacologic activities, effects on living systems and the environment, and modes of employment of drugs and chemicals. They are broken into actions, which describe their effects, and uses, which describe how they are employed.

UI = D020164

 

 

 

 

Chemical Engineering

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D002616

 

Chemical Industry

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: CHEM INDUST

MS = The aggregate enterprise of manufacturing and technically producing chemicals. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D002617

 

Chemical Warfare

AN = DF: CHEM WARFARE

MS = Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases.

UI = D002618

 

Chemical Warfare Agents

MS = Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war.

UI = D002619

 

Chemical and Pharmacologic Phenomena

AN = not used for indexing; DF: CHEM PHARMACOL PHENOMENA CATALOG: do not use

MS = Chemical, pharmacologic, and metabolic action and interaction of drugs.

UI = D002620

 

Chemiluminescence

AN = NIM; no qualif

MS = Emission of light as a result of a chemical reaction without an apparent change in temperature. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 3d ed)

UI = D017083

 

 

 

Chemistry

AN = SPEC only: prefer /chem: Manual l9.7+, 19.8.15, 19.10+; SPEC qualif; as IM: Manual 29.6; DF: CHEM CATALOG: do not use /dictionaries ( = DICTIONARIES, CHEMICAL)

UI = D002621

 

Chemistry, Agricultural

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; as coord, NIM with no qualif; Manual 29.7

UI = D002622

 

Chemistry, Analytical

AN = SPEC: TN 37; never use as substitute for or reinforcement of /anal: Manual 19.7+, 19.10+, 29.8; as SPEC, SPEC qualif; do not use as NIM coord with specific substance; DF: CHEM ANAL

MS = The branch of chemistry dealing with detection (qualitative) and determination (quantitative) of substances. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D002623

 

Chemistry, Clinical

AN = SPEC: TN 37; SPEC qualif; do not use as NIM coord; DF: CLIN CHEM

MS = The specialty of analytical chemistry applied to assays of physiologically important substances found in blood, urine, tissues, and other biological fluids for the purpose of aiding the physician in making a diagnosis or following therapy.

UI = D002624

 

 

 

Chemistry, Inorganic

AN = SPEC: TN 37; do not use as NIM coord for chemistry or chem struct of an inorganic chemical ( = CHEMISTRY (NIM)); as SPEC, qualif permitted; DF: CHEM INORG

MS = A field of chemistry which pertains to chemical compounds or ions that do not contain the element carbon (with the exception of carbon dioxide and compounds containing a carbonate radical, e.g., calcium carbonate).

UI = D015392

 

Chemistry, Bioinorganic

AN = SPEC: TN 37; do not use as NIM coord for chemistry or chem struct of a bioinorganic chemical ( = CHEMISTRY (NIM)); as SPEC, qualif permitted; DF: CHEM BIOINORG

MS = A field of chemistry which pertains to the study of inorganic compounds or ions in biological systems.

UI = D015393

 

Chemistry, Organic

AN = SPEC: TN 37; do not use as NIM coord for chemistry or chem struct of an organic chemical ( = /chem ); as SPEC, qualif permitted; when not to use: Manual 29.9; DF: CHEM ORG

UI = D002625

 

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical

AN = SPEC qualif; as NIM coord, no qualif; Manual 29.7; do not confuse X ref DRUG FORMULATION with DRUG COMPOUNDING; DF: CHEM PHARM

MS = Chemistry that deals with the composition and preparation of substances used in treatment of patients or diagnostic studies. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002626

 

Chemistry, Physical

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; as NIM coord, no qualif; Manual 29.7

UI = D002627

 

 

 

Chemoembolization, Therapeutic

AN = for admin of antineoplastic agents with embolizing agents; do not use /util (except by MeSH definition); coord IM with disease /ther (IM), not /surg & with antineoplastic /admin (IM or NIM)

MS = Administration of antineoplastic agents together with an embolizing vehicle. This allows slow release of the agent as well as obstruction of the blood supply to the neoplasm.

UI = D016461

 

 

 

Chemokines

AN = a class of cytokines that attract & activate leukocytes; chemokines stands for CHEMOtactic cytoKINES; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (CHEMOKINES, C), CC (CHEMOKINES, CC), and CXC (CHEMOKINES, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif.

UI = D018925

 

 

 

Chemokines, C

AN = do not confuse with CHEMOKINES, CC or CHEMOKINES, CXC

MS = Group of chemokines without adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes only.

UI = D019744

 

 

Chemokines, CC

AN = do not confuse with CHEMOKINES, C or CHEMOKINES, CXC

MS = Group of chemokines with adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils but not neutrophils.

UI = D019742

 

Chemokines, CXC

AN = do not confuse with CHEMOKINES, C or CHEMOKINES, CC

MS = Group of chemokines with paired cysteines separated by a different amino acid. CXC chemokines are chemoattractants for neutrophils but not monocytes.

UI = D019743

 

 

 

 

Chemoprevention

AN = IM GEN or unspecified only; prefer specific chemother agent /ther use + disease /prev; DF: CHEMOPREV

MS = Use of chemotherapeutic agents as the means of preventing the development of a specific disease. (Dorland, 27th ed at chemoprophylaxis)

UI = D018890

 

 

 

Chemoreceptors

AN = sensory receptors: differentiate from RECEPTORS, DRUG: TN 160; DF: CHEMORECEPT

MS = Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

UI = D002628

 

Chemosterilants

MS = Chemical compounds the ingestion of which causes sterility of an organism. Such compounds have been used as a means of controlling various insects and other pests by inducing sterility in the male. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002629

 

Chemotactic Factors

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult.

UI = D002630

 

Chemotactic Factors, Eosinophil

AN = chemotactic substances attracting eosinophils, not liberated by eosinophils; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: ECF A

MS = Cytotaxins liberated from normal or invading cells that specifically attract eosinophils; they may be complement fragments, lymphokines, neutrophil products, histamine or other; the best known is the tetrapeptide ECF-A, released mainly by mast cells.

UI = D002631

 

Chemotactic Factors, Macrophage

AN = chemotactic substances attracting macrophages, not liberated by macrophages; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Cytotaxins liberated from normal or invading cells that specifically attract macrophages. They may be lymphokines, products of antigen, antibody and complement interactions or other.

UI = D002632

 

Chemotaxis

MS = The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient.

UI = D002633

 

Chemotaxis, Leukocyte

AN = coord IM with specific type of leukocyte (IM)

MS = The movement of leukocytes in response to a chemical concentration gradient or to products formed in an immunologic reaction.

UI = D002634

 

 

Chemotherapy, Adjuvant

AN = almost never IM; coordinate with dis /drug ther + specific drug or drugs /ther use + other form of ther to which this is adjuvant; Manual 24.4.2.2.1; DF: CHEMOTHER ADJUVANT

MS = Drug therapy given to augment or stimulate some other form of treatment such as surgery or radiation therapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy is commonly used in the therapy of cancer and can be administered before or after the primary treatment.

UI = D017024

 

 

 

Chenodeoxycholic Acid

AN = a bile acid; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.

UI = D002635

 

 

Chenopodiaceae

AN = note common names as X refs; SPINACH is also available; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = The goosefoot family of plants that includes beets, chard, and SPINACH.

UI = D019663

 

Cherubism

AN = bilateral swelling of mandible causing a cherubic appearance

MS = A fibro-osseous hereditary disease of the jaws. The swollen jaws and raised eyes give a cherubic appearance; multiple radiolucencies are evident upon radiographic examination.

UI = D002636

 

Chest Pain

AN = usually non-cardiac; cardiac = probably ANGINA PECTORIS

MS = Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.

UI = D002637

 

 

Chest Tubes

AN = "used for drainage of air or fluid from the pleural space"

MS = Plastic tubes used for drainage of air or fluid from the pleural space. Their surgical insertion is called tube thoracostomy.

UI = D015505

 

 

 

Chewing Gum

AN = as a confection or as vehicle for admin of med substances

MS = A preparation of chicle, sometimes mixed with other plastic substances, sweetened and flavored. It is masticated usually for pleasure as a candy substitute but it sometimes acts as a vehicle for the administration of medication.

UI = D002638

 

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

AN = breathing pattern of increased depth & rate with decrease to point of apnea; note category

MS = The pattern of breathing with gradual increase in depth and sometimes in rate to a maximum, followed by a decrease resulting in apnea. The cycles ordinarily are 30 seconds to 2 minutes in duration, with 5 to 30 seconds of apnea. It is characteristically seen in coma from disorders of the nervous centers of respiration. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002639

 

Ch'i

AN = in Chinese philosophy & traditional med; note X refs; IM; ch'i defic goes here

MS = The vital life force in the body, supposedly able to be regulated by acupuncture. It corresponds roughly to the Greek pneuma, the Latin spiritus, and the ancient Indian prana. The concept of life-breath or vital energy was formulated as an indication of the awareness of man, originally directed externally toward nature or society but later turned inward to the self or life within. (From Comparison between Concepts of Life-Breath in East and West, 15th International Symposium on the Comparative History of Medicine - East and West, August 26-September 3, 1990, Shizuoka, Japan, pp. ix-x)

UI = D019413

 

 

Chiari-Frommel Syndrome

AN = persistent lactation & amenorrhea after pregn

MS = Persistent lactation and amenorrhea following pregnancy.

UI = D002640

 

Chicago

UI = D002641

 

Chick Embryo

AN = check tag: no qualif; when IM, /abnorm /growth /inj permitted as well as usual Cat A qualif; chick embryo heart = CHICK EMBRYO + HEART /embryol (not FETAL HEART); /transpl permitted for chick embryo transfer: do not use EMBRYO TRANSFER since this is mammalian only

UI = D002642

 

 

Chicken Anemia Virus

AN = a species of Circovirus; infection: coord IM with CIRCOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = The type species of CIRCOVIRUS, a small, non-enveloped DNA virus originally isolated from contaminated vaccines in Japan. It causes chicken infectious anemia and may possibly play a key role in hemorrhagic anemia syndrome, anemia dermatitis, and blue wing disease.

UI = D017727

 

Chickenpox

AN = caused by a herpesvirus

MS = A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002644

 

Chickenpox Vaccine

MS = A live, attenuated varicella virus vaccine used for immunization against chickenpox. It is recommended for children between the ages of 12 months and 13 years.

UI = D019433

 

 

Chickens

AN = IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with POULTRY DISEASES (IM); canned chicken: see note on POULTRY PRODUCTS

UI = D002645

 

 

Chicory

AN = as plant & flavoring agent for coffee; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = A thick-rooted perennial (Cichorium intybus) native to Europe but widely grown for its young leaves used as salad greens and for its roots, dried and ground-roasted, used to flavor or adulterate coffee. (From Webster, 3d ed)

UI = D018651

 

 

 

 

Chief Cells, Gastric

MS = Epithelial cells that line the basal half of the gastric glands. Chief cells synthesize and secrete pepsinogen, a precursor of the enzyme pepsin.

UI = D019872

 

 

Chief Executive Officers, Hospital

AN = DF: CEO HOSP

MS = Individuals who have the formal authority to manage a hospital, including its programs and services, in accordance with the goals and objectives established by a governing body (GOVERNING BOARD).

UI = D016542

 

 

 

 

Chikungunya Virus

AN = a species of Alphavirus; chikungunya is a native African word meaning "that which bends", with reference to the contorted position of the sufferer; infection: coord IM with ALPHAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of ALPHAVIRUS causing an acute dengue-like fever.

UI = D002646

 

Chilblains

AN = a form of frostbite

MS = Recurrent localized itching, swelling and painful erythema on the fingers, toes or ears, produced by exposure to cold. It is also called pernio.

UI = D002647

 

Child

AN = age 6-12 yr; IM only as psychol & sociol or social entity: Manual 18.5.11; no qualif; /psychol = CHILD PSYCHOLOGY (Manual 34.9.4) but consider also CHILD BEHAVIOR & other specifics; NIM as check tag: Manual 18.5+; as student: Manual 34.16

MS = A person 6 to 12 years of age. An individual 2 to 5 years old is CHILD, PRESCHOOL.

UI = D002648

 

Child Abuse

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = Abuse of children in a family, institutional, or other setting. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)

UI = D002649

 

Child Abuse, Sexual

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific; for adult survivors of child sexual abuse, check both tags CHILD or specific + relevant adult age

MS = Sexual maltreatment of the child or minor.

UI = D002650

 

Child Advocacy

AN = rights of children; check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = Promotion and protection of the rights of children; frequently through a legal process.

UI = D002651

 

Child Behavior

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific; INFANT BEHAVIOR is also available

MS = Any observable response or action of a child from 24 months through 12 years of age. For neonates or children younger than 24 months, INFANT BEHAVIOR is available.

UI = D002652

 

Child Behavior Disorders

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.

UI = D002653

 

Child Care

AN = in home or institution; check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = Care of children in the home or institution.

UI = D002654

 

Child Custody

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = The formally authorized guardianship or care of a child.

UI = D002655

 

Child Day Care Centers

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Facilities which provide care for pre-school and school-age children.

UI = D002656

 

Child Development

AN = for inf & child; not for adolescents ( = probably ADOLESCENCE /physiol + GROWTH); check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = The continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of the child from birth up to but not including adolescence. It includes healthy responses to situations, but does not include growth in stature or size (= GROWTH).

UI = D002657

 

Child Development Disorders, Pervasive

AN = "pervasive" is a psychiatric diag: follow text; check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.

UI = D002659

 

Child Guidance

AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = The psychiatric, sociological and psychological study and treatment of the developing child with emphasis on preventive or prophylactic measures focused on the familial, educational and socio-environmental milieu of the child.

UI = D002660

 

Child Guidance Clinics

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Facilities which administer the delivery of mental health counseling services to children.

UI = D002661

 

Child Health Services

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific; DF: CHILD HEALTH SERV CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Organized services to provide health care for children.

UI = D002662

 

Child Language

AN = no qualif; check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = The language and sounds expressed by a child at a particular maturational stage in development.

UI = D002663

 

Child Nutrition

AN = ages 2-12; check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = Nutrition of children aged 2-12 years.

UI = D002664

 

 

 

Child Nutrition Disorders

AN = check the tag CHILD or specific age group

MS = Malnutrition, occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.

UI = D015362

 

Child of Impaired Parents

AN = coord IM with parental dis (IM with no qualif); restrict to impaired parents: the child with impaired siblings is indexed under CHILD (IM) + disease of sibling (IM) + NUCLEAR FAMILY (IM); interpret "child" as "offspring" & check appropriate age check tags

MS = A child of one or more parents afflicted by an organic, psychiatric, or behavioral disorder. Articles on this subject tend to focus on the child from the social, behavioral, or psychological viewpoint, rather than the genetic.

UI = D016241

 

 

 

 

Child Psychiatry

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; not for mental disord in children ( = MENTAL DISORDERS (IM) + CHILD or other child check tag (NIM) ): Manual 27.9

MS = The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in children.

UI = D002665

 

Child Psychology

AN = SPEC but also the way a normal child thinks & acts; GEN only: consider also /psychol with specific child terms (e.g., CHILD, ABANDONED /psychol, ONLY CHILD /psychol); SPEC qualif; Manual 27.11, 27.12, 34.12; check also tag CHILD or specific; DF: CHILD PSYCHOL

MS = The study of normal and abnormal behavior of children.

UI = D002666

 

Child Reactive Disorders

AN = child reaction to separation from parents: index under ANXIETY, SEPARATION; check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = Reactions to an event or set of events which are considered to be of pathological degree, that have not developed into a neurosis, psychosis, or personality disorder with fixed patterns.

UI = D002667

 

Child Rearing

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific; differentiate from PARENTING which emphasizes the role & responsibility of the parent while CHILD REARING emphasizes the upbringing: read MeSH definitions but if in doubt use term of author

MS = The training or bringing-up of children by parents or parent-substitutes. It is used also for child rearing practices in different societies, at different economic levels, in different ethnic groups, etc. It differs from PARENTING in that in child rearing the emphasis is on the act of training or bringing up the child and the interaction between the parent and child, while parenting emphasizes the responsibility and qualities of exemplary behavior of the parent.

UI = D002668

 

Child Welfare

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of the child.

UI = D002669

 

Child, Abandoned

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = A child who is deserted by parents or parent substitutes without regard for its future care.

UI = D002670

 

Child, Exceptional

AN = "child who deviates from the average": consider also CHILD, GIFTED & MENTAL RETARDATION; check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = A child who deviates from the average in mental, physical, or social characteristics to such an extent that he requires a modification of services in order to develop his maximum potential.

UI = D002671

 

Child, Gifted

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = A child whose intelligence is in the upper two percent of the total population of his age. A gifted child is a child having outstanding ability in any respect.

UI = D002672

 

Child, Hospitalized

AN = not for dis in child in hosp for diag or ther: use only for hospitalized child as a psychol, sociol or social entity; check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = Child hospitalized for short term care.

UI = D002673

 

Child, Institutionalized

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = The normal or defective child who is being cared for in an institution either because he is homeless or requires special care.

UI = D002674

 

Child, Preschool

AN = age 2-5 yr; IM only as psychol & sociol or social entity: Manual 18.5.11, 34.9.3; NIM as check tag: Manual 18.5+; no qualif for IM but psychol of the preschool child = CHILD PSYCHOLOGY (IM) & check the tag CHILD, PRESCHOOL

MS = A child between the ages of 2 and 5.

UI = D002675

 

Child, Unwanted

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

MS = The child who is not wanted by one or both parents.

UI = D002676

 

Chile

UI = D002677

 

Chimera

MS = An individual whose body contains cell populations derived from different zygotes.

UI = D002678

 

 

Chimeric Proteins

AN = recombinant fusion proteins; nothing to do with CHIMERA

MS = Proteins in individuals that are derived from genetically different zygotes.

UI = D017375

 

 

 

Chin

AN = bone or site; usually NIM as site: submental (beneath the chin) refers to skin, fat & other tissue below the chin as in "submental lipectomy for double chin"; /growth: consider also MAXILLOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT

MS = The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve.

UI = D002680

 

China

AN = mainland China: do not confuse with TAIWAN, the Republic of China; in translations use spelling: People's Republic of China, not Peoples' nor Peoples

MS = A republic in east and central Asia, known also as the People's Republic of China. It is an ancient country, with a civilization existing as early as 3000 B.C. Until 1912 it was known as the Chinese Empire. It was one of the four Great Powers in World War II. By 1950 the Communist regime had gained control. China became a member of the United Nations in 1971. The name may be derived from the qin or Ts'in dynasty (221-206 B.C.) or the Sanskrit name cina or the central province of Shaanxi or Shensi (its capitalis Shian). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p257 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p111)

UI = D002681

 

Chinchilla

AN = a rodent used in otol research; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

MS = A genus of the family Chinchillidae which consists of three genera: Lagidium, Lagostomus, and Chinchilla. They are used extensively in biomedical research.

UI = D002682

 

Chironomidae

AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111; gall midges: index under DIPTERA

MS = A family of nonbiting midges, in the order DIPTERA. Salivary glands of the genus Chironomus are used in studies of cellular genetics and biochemistry.

UI = D002683

 

Chiropractic

AN = SPEC

MS = A system that seeks to utilize the recuperative powers of the body and the relationship between the musculoskeletal structures and functions of the body, particularly of the spinal column and the nervous system, in the restoration and maintenance of health. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002684

 

Chiroptera

AN = includes flying foxes & vampires; IM; qualif permitted

UI = D002685

 

 

 

Chi-Square Distribution

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

MS = A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.

UI = D016009

 

 

 

Chitin

AN = in shell of crustacea, insects & in some fungi

UI = D002686

 

Chitin Synthase

MS = An enzyme that converts UDP glucosamine into chitin and UDP. EC 2.4.1.16.

UI = D002687

 

Chitinase

UI = D002688

 

Chlamydia

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific species; infection = CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS

MS = A genus of gram-negative bacteria whose species cause a variety of diseases in humans, other mammals, and birds.

UI = D002689

 

Chlamydia Infections

AN = sexually transmitted; infect by genus Chlamydia: do not confuse with CHLAMYDIACEAE INFECTIONS (family); Chlamydia psittaci infect = ORNITHOSIS; Chlamydia trachomatis infect: see note under CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; DF: CHLAMYDIA INFECT

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.

UI = D002690

 

 

 

Chlamydia pneumoniae

AN = infection: coord IM with CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria that causes acute respiratory infection, especially atypical pneumonia.

UI = D016993

 

 

Chlamydia psittaci

AN = infection = ORNITHOSIS

MS = Parasitic organisms of vertebrate cells. They have been detected in over 100 species of birds and in most domesticated and many wild mammals. They generally produce systemic infections in a broad range of hosts.

UI = D002691

 

Chlamydia trachomatis

AN = infection: coord IM with CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS (IM) unless text says TRACHOMA or LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM or CONJUNCTIVITIS, INCLUSION

MS = The etiological agent of a variety of ocular and urogenital diseases.

UI = D002692

 

Chlamydiaceae

AN = infection = CHLAMYDIACEAE INFECTIONS

MS = A family of gram-negative, coccoid microorganisms containing the genus CHLAMYDIA.

UI = D002693

 

Chlamydiaceae Infections

AN = rickettsial infect

MS = Infections with bacteria of the family CHLAMYDIACEAE.

UI = D002694

 

Chlamydiales

MS = Gram-negative parasites of vertebrates in which they may cause various diseases; occasionally found in arthropods.

UI = D002695

 

Chlamydomonas

AN = "considered both a protozoon & an alga" (green); in freshwater & damp soil

MS = A genus of organisms considered both a protozoon (Dorland, 27th ed) and an alga (Bold & Wynne, Introduction to the Algae, 2d ed, p84). It consists of solitary biflagellated organisms common in fresh water and damp soil.

UI = D002696

 

 

 

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

AN = considered both a protozoon & a green alga

MS = An organism considered both a protozoon (Dorland, 27th ed) and an alga (Bold & Wynne, Introduction to the Algae, 2d ed, p84). Delicate, hairlike appendages arise from the flagellar surface in these organisms.

UI = D016825

 

 

 

Chloral Hydrate

AN = a nonbarbiturate sedative & intravenous anesthetic

MS = A hypnotic and sedative used in the treatment of insomnia. The safety margin is too narrow for chloral hydrate to be used as a general anesthetic in humans, but it is commonly used for that purpose in animal experiments. It is no longer considered useful as an anti-anxiety medication.

UI = D002697

 

Chloralose

AN = a nonbarbiturate sedative & intravenous anesthetic

MS = A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.

UI = D002698

 

Chlorambucil

AN = an alkylating antineoplastic nitrogen mustard

MS = A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D002699

 

Chloramines

AN = a sulfonamide

UI = D002700

 

Chloramphenicol

AN = an antibiotic

MS = An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)

UI = D002701

 

 

Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.

UI = D015500

 

 

 

Chloramphenicol Resistance

MS = Nonsusceptibility of a bacterium to the action of CHLORAMPHENICOL, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in the 50S ribosomal subunit where amino acids are added to nascent bacterial polypeptides.

UI = D002702

 

Chloranil

AN = an agric fungicide

MS = A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.

UI = D002703

 

Chlorates

MS = Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.

UI = D002704

 

Chlordan

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D002706

 

 

 

Chlordecone

AN = an organochlorine insecticide; TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = A highly chlorinated polycyclic hydrocarbon insecticide whose large number of chlorine atoms makes it resistant to degradation. It has been shown to be toxic to mammals and causes abnormal cellular changes in laboratory animals.

UI = D007631

 

Chlordiazepoxide

AN = an anti-anxiety agent

MS = An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawl.

UI = D002707

 

Chlorella

AN = a unicellular green alga

MS = Nonmotile unicellular green algae potentially valuable as a source of high-grade protein and B-complex vitamins.

UI = D002708

 

Chlorfenvinphos

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = An organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide.

UI = D002709

 

Chlorhexidine

AN = an anti-infective

MS = Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.

UI = D002710

 

Chloride Channels

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /rad eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: CL CHANNELS

MS = Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for chloride ions.

UI = D018118

 

Chlorine Compounds

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain chlorine as an integral part of the molecule.

UI = D017606

 

 

 

Chloride Peroxidase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the chlorination of a range of organic molecules, forming stable carbon-chloride bonds. EC 1.11.1.10.

UI = D002711

 

Chlorides

AN = only for inorganic cpds or chloride ion; /physiol permitted

MS = Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

UI = D002712

 

Chlorine

AN = a halogen; Cl-35; Cl-37 = CHLORINE (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Cl-34, 36, 38-40 = CHLORINE (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

MS = Chlorine. A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching.

UI = D002713

 

Chlorisondamine

AN = a nicotinic antag & ganglionic blocker

MS = A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.

UI = D002714

 

Chlormadinone Acetate

AN = an oral contraceptive

MS = An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive.

UI = D002715

 

Chlormequat

AN = a plant growth regulator

UI = D002716

 

Chlormerodrin

AN = a diuretic

MS = A mercurial compound that has been used as a diuretic but is now superseded by more potent and less toxic drugs. The radiolabeled form has been used as a diagnostic and research tool.

UI = D002717

 

Chlormethiazole

AN = a sedative & anticonvulsant

MS = A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GABA receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.

UI = D002719

 

Chlormezanone

AN = an anti-anxiety agent & central muscle relaxant

MS = A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.

UI = D002720

 

omega-Chloroacetophenone

AN = a tear gas; D25-26 qualif

MS = A potent eye, throat, and skin irritant. One of its uses is as a riot control agent.

UI = D002721

 

 

2-Chloroadenosine

AN = an adenosine recept agonist

MS = 2-Chloroadenosine. A metabolically stable analog of adenosine which acts as an adenosine receptor agonist. The compound has a potent effect on the peripheral and central nervous system.

UI = D015762

 

 

p-Chloroamphetamine

AN = depletes serotonin in the CNS

MS = Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.

UI = D010133

 

 

 

Chlorobenzenes

UI = D002722

 

Chlorobenzoates

MS = Benzoic acid or benzoic acid esters substituted with one or more chlorine atoms.

UI = D002723

 

 

o-Chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile

AN = a tear gas

MS = ((2-Chlorophenyl)methylene)propanedinitrile. A riot control agent which causes temporary irritation of the eyes and the mucosal surface of the respiratory tract. It is a more potent irritant than OMEGA-CHLOROACETOPHENONE, but less incapacitating.

UI = D009763

 

 

Chlorobutanol

MS = A colorless to white crystalline compound with a camphoraceous odor and taste. It is a widely used preservative in various pharmaceutical solutions, especially injectables. Also, it is an active ingredient in certain oral sedatives and topical anesthetics.

UI = D002724

 

 

Chlorofluorocarbons

AN = do not confuse with FLUOROCARBONS nor HYDROCARBONS, CHLORINATED nor HYDROCARBONS, FLUORINATED; DF: CFCS

MS = A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents. They have been shown to cause stratospheric ozone depletion and have been banned for many uses.

UI = D017402

 

 

 

Chloroform

MS = A colorless, volatile liquid with a strong characteristic odor and a sweetish, burning taste, a common laboratory solvent. It was once widely used as an inhalation anesthetic and analgesic, and as an antitussive, carminative, and counterirritant. It was banned by the FDA from use in drug, cosmetic, and food packaging products in 1976. This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D002725

 

Chlorogenic Acid

MS = A naturally occuring phenolic acid which is a carcinogenic inhibitor. It has also been shown to prevent paraquat-induced oxidative stress in rats. (From J Chromatogr A 1996;741(2):223-31; Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1996;60(5):765-68).

UI = D002726

 

Chloroguanide

AN = an antimalarial

MS = A biguanide compound which has little antimalarial activity until metabolized in the body to the active antimalarial agent cycloguanil. The usefulness of proguanil is limited by the rapid development of drug resistance by the malarial parasite. The hydrochloride is used for the casual prophylaxis of falciparum malaria, to suppress other forms of malaria, and to reduce transmission of infection (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p405)

UI = D002727

 

Chlorohydrins

MS = Any of the compounds derived from a group of glycols or polyhydroxy alcohols by chlorine substitution for part of the hydroxyl groups. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

UI = D002728

 

Chloromercuribenzoates

AN = P-CHLOROMERCURIBENZOIC ACID is available

MS = Chloride and mercury-containing derivatives of benzoic acid.

UI = D002729

 

p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid

AN = CHLOROMERCURIBENZOATES is also available

MS = An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.

UI = D020245

 

 

 

 

Chloromercurinitrophenols

AN = sulfhydryl reagents

MS = Mercuriphenols substituted with one or more chlorine atoms and one or more nitro groups. Some of these are sulfhydryl reagents which act as chromophoric probes in enzymes and other proteins.

UI = D002730

 

4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate

AN = a sulfhydryl reagent; DF: note short X ref

MS = Hydrogen chloro(4-sulfonatophenyl)mercurate(1-). A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.

UI = D002731

 

Chlorophenols

MS = Phenols substituted with one or more chlorine atoms in any position.

UI = D002733

 

Chlorophyll

AN = a metalloporphyrin; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Any of a group of green magnesium-containing porphyrin derivatives occurring in all photosynthetic organisms. Chlorophylls act as respiratory pigments, converting light energy to reducing potential. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002734

 

Chlorophyllides

AN = products of chlorophil hydrolysis

MS = Products of the hydrolysis of chlorophylls in which the phytic acid side chain has been removed and the carboxylic acids saponified.

UI = D002735

 

Chloroplasts

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genetics permitted; coord IM with PLANTS, ALGAE or specific plant or alga usually NIM

MS = Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain chlorophyll. They occur in cells of leaves and young stems. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002736

 

Chloroprene

AN = a possible carcinogen

MS = 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene. Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene.

UI = D002737

 

 

Chlorpyrifos

AN = an organothiophosphate insecticide; TN 111 for eff on insects

MS = An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.

UI = D004390

 

 

 

Chloroquine

AN = an antimalarial & amebicide

MS = The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.

UI = D002738

 

Chloroquinolinols

AN = amebicides

MS = 8-Hydroxyquinolinols chlorinated on the number 5 and/or 7 carbon atom(s). They are antibacterial, antiprotozoal, and antidiarrheal, especially in amebiasis, and have also been used as antiseborrheics. The compounds are mostly used topically, but have been used also as animal feed additives. They may cause optic and other neuropathies and are most frequently administered in combination with other agents.

UI = D002739

 

Chlorothiazide

AN = a diuretic

MS = A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p812)

UI = D002740

 

Chlorotrianisene

AN = a synthetic non-steroidal estrogen

MS = A powerful synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen.

UI = D002741

 

Chlorphenamidine

AN = an acaricide; TN 111 for eff on insects, etc.

MS = An acaricide used against many organophosphate and carbamate resistant pests. It acts as an uncoupling agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor.

UI = D002742

 

Chlorphenesin

AN = a central muscle relaxant

MS = A centrally acting muscle relaxant. Its mode of action is unknown. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1203)

UI = D002743

 

Chlorpheniramine

AN = a histamine H1 antag & antipruritic

MS = A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.

UI = D002744

 

Chlorphentermine

MS = A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)

UI = D002745

 

Chlorpromazine

AN = an antipsychotic agent

MS = The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.

UI = D002746

 

Chlorpropamide

AN = a hypoglycemic

MS = A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)

UI = D002747

 

Chlorpropham

AN = an herbicide

MS = A carbamate that is used as an herbide and as a plant growth regulator.

UI = D002748

 

Chlorprothixene

AN = an antipsychotic agent

MS = A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.

UI = D002749

 

Chlorquinaldol

AN = an antifungal

MS = Local anti-infective agent used for skin, gastrointestinal, and vaginal infections with fungi, protozoa, and certain bacteria. In animals, it causes central nervous system damage and is not administered parenterally. It is also used as antiseptic, fungistat, or deodorant.

UI = D002750

 

Chlortetracycline

AN = an antibiotic & antiprotozoal

MS = An antibiotic substance isolated from the substrate of Streptomyces aureofaciens and used as an antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent.

UI = D002751

 

Chlorthalidone

AN = a diuretic

MS = A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of the thiazide diuretics even though it does not contain a thiazide ring system. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p813)

UI = D002752

 

Chlorzoxazone

AN = a central muscle relaxant

MS = A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202)

UI = D002753

 

 

CHO Cells

AN = CHO stands for "Chinese Hamster Ovary"; A 11 qualif; check ANIMAL & HAMSTERS but do not add FEMALE or OVARY

MS = Cell line derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus. The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

UI = D016466

 

 

Choanal Atresia

AN = nose abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital bony or membranous occlusion of one or both choanae, due to failure of the embryonic bucconasal membrane to rupture.

UI = D002754

 

Choice Behavior

MS = The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation.

UI = D002755

 

Cholagogues and Choleretics

AN = DF: CHOLAGOGUES

MS = Gastrointestinal agents that stimulate the flow of bile into the duodenum (cholagogues) or stimulate the production of bile by the liver (choleretic).

UI = D002756

 

Cholanes

AN = do not confuse with CHOLENES

UI = D002757

 

Cholangiography

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CHOLANGIOGR

MS = Radiographic examination of the bile ducts.

UI = D002758

 

 

Cholangitis, Sclerosing

AN = inflamm narrowing of a bile duct

MS = Chronic, nonbacterial inflammatory narrowing of the bile ducts. About 50% of the cases are associated with ulcerative colitis. Treatment is to relieve the obstruction by balloon dilatation or surgery.

UI = D015209

 

 

Cholangiocarcinoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BILE DUCT NEOPLASMS (IM) + BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC (IM)

MS = A malignant tumor arising from the intrahepatic bile duct epithelium. It is composed of ducts lined by cuboidal or columnar cells that do not contain bile, with abundant stroma. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1455; Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D018281

 

 

 

Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: note short X ref

MS = Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.

UI = D002760

 

Cholangitis

AN = inflamm of a bile duct

MS = Inflammation of a bile duct.

UI = D002761

 

 

Cholates

AN = SODIUM CHOLATE is available

MS = Salts and esters of CHOLIC ACID.

UI = D020355

 

Cholecalciferol

AN = vitamin D3; /defic permitted but coord IM with VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY (IM)

MS = An antirachitic vitamin that undergoes metabolic conversion before exerting biological effects. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002762

 

Cholecystectomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical removal of the gallbladder.

UI = D002763

 

 

Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Excision of the gallbladder through an abdominal incision using a laparoscope.

UI = D017081

 

 

 

Cholecystitis

AN = inflamm of gallbladder; X ref EMPYEMA, GALLBLADDER: restrict to gallbladder; "biliary empyema": unless of gallbladder, index under EMPYEMA (IM) + BILIARY TRACT DISEASES (IM) or specific biliary precoord

MS = Inflammation of the gallbladder.

UI = D002764

 

Cholecystography

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CHOLECYSTOGR

MS = Radiography of the gallbladder after ingestion of a contrast medium.

UI = D002765

 

Cholecystokinin

AN = a neurotransmitter gastrointestinal hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.

UI = D002766

 

Cholecystostomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Establishment of an opening into the gallbladder either for drainage or surgical communication with another part of the digestive tract, usually the duodenum or jejunum.

UI = D002767

 

 

Choledochal Cyst

AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct; this condition may be asymptomatic, or cause vomiting, fever, jaundice, or pain in the right upper quadrant.

UI = D015529

 

 

 

Choledochostomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical formation of an opening (stoma) into the common bile duct for drainage or for direct communication with a site in the small intestine, primarily the duodenum or jejunum.

UI = D002768

 

Cholelithiasis

AN = calculi of gallbladder or bile ducts; assume to be of gallbladder & do not coord with GALLBLADDER DISEASES; calculi of bile ducts: coord IM with BILE DUCT DISEASES (NIM) but calculi of specific bile duct, coord IM with specific duct (IM); chem composition of calculi: use /chem; /ultrastruct permitted; note COMMON BILE DUCT CALCULI is available

MS = Presence or formation of gallstones.

UI = D002769

 

Cholenes

AN = do not confuse with CHOLANES or CHOLINE; includes choladienes, cholatrienes

MS = Unsaturated derivatives of cholane with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a branched five-carbon chain at C-17. They must have at least one double bond in the ring system.

UI = D002770

 

Cholera

AN = caused by Vibrio cholerae

MS = An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.

UI = D002771

 

Cholera Morbus

AN = an old name for a type of gastroenteritis: do not confuse with classical CHOLERA

MS = A once popular name for an acute severe gastroenteritis of unknown etiology, with diarrhea, cramps, and vomiting, occurring in summer or autumn. It should be differentiated from classical CHOLERA which is also characterized by severe gastrointestinal and metabolic manifestations but is caused by a powerful enterotoxin produced by Vibrio cholerae. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D017688

 

 

 

 

Cholera Toxin

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS

MS = The enterotoxin from Vibrio cholerae. It is a protein that consists of two major components, the heavy (H) or A peptide and the light (L) or B peptide or choleragenoid. The B peptide anchors the protein to intestinal epithelial cells, while the A peptide, enters the cytoplasm, and activates adenylate cyclase, and production of cAMP. Increased levels of cAMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells.

UI = D002772

 

Cholera Vaccine

MS = A killed bacteria vaccine containing equal portions of the Inaba and Ogawa strains of Vibrio cholerae, used for immunization against cholera. It enhances protection in adults for about six months, but does not reduce fecal shedding of bacteria or reduce disease transmission. (Dorland, 28th ed) Other cholera vaccines are under development.

UI = D002773

 

Cholestadienes

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTADIENOLS

MS = Cholene derivatives with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a branched 8-carbon chain at C-17. They must have two double bonds in the ring system.

UI = D002774

 

Cholestadienols

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTADIENES

MS = Cholestadiene derivatives containing a hydroxy group anywhere in the molecule.

UI = D002775

 

Cholestanes

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTENES

MS = Derivatives of the saturated steroid cholestane with methyl groups at C-18 and C-19 and an iso-octyl side chain at C-17.

UI = D002776

 

 

Cholestanol

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTANOLS; do not confuse x-ref DIHYDROCHOLESTEROL with DEHYDROCHOLESTEROLS

MS = A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.

UI = D004083

 

 

Cholestanols

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTANOL; beta-cholestanol = BETA-CHOLESTANOL see CHOLESTANOL

MS = Cholestanes substituted in any position with one or more hydroxy groups. They are found in feces and bile. In contrast to bile acids and salts, they are not reabsorbed.

UI = D002777

 

Cholestanones

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTENONES; includes cholestanediones, cholestanetriones

MS = CHOLESTANES substituted with any number of keto groups.

UI = D002778

 

Cholestasis

AN = note category: impaired bile flow

MS = Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla.

UI = D002779

 

Cholestasis, Intrahepatic

AN = also called hepatocellular jaundice & medical jaundice

MS = Intrahepatic impairment of bile flow. It is usually due to liver cell damage, but may be due to obstruction of intrahepatic bile ducts. It is also called hepatocellular jaundice and medical jaundice.

UI = D002780

 

Cholesteatoma

AN = non-neoplastic: coord IM with organ/dis (IM) but CHOLESTEATOMA, MIDDLE EAR is available

MS = A cystlike mass with a lining of stratified squamous epithelium, usually of keratinizing type, filled with desquamating debris, frequently including cholesterol. Cholesteatomas occur in the meninges, central nervous system, and bones of the skull, but are most common in the middle ear and mastoid region. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002781

 

Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear

MS = Cholesteatoma associated with chronic infection of the middle ear, formed of the outer desquamating layers of stratified squamous epithelium which has extended inward and upward to line the tympanum, epitympanum, and antrum. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018424

 

 

Cholestenes

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTANES; includes cholestatrienes

MS = Steroids with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a branched 8-carbon chain at C-17. Members include compounds with any degree of unsaturation; however, CHOLESTADIENES is available for derivatives containing two double bonds.

UI = D002782

 

Cholestenones

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTANONES; includes cholestenediones, cholestenetriones

MS = CHOLESTENES with one or more double bonds and substituted by any number of keto groups.

UI = D002783

 

Cholesterol

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /blood: consider also HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA & specifics; cholesterol granuloma = CHOLESTEROL + GRANULOMA, FOREIGN-BODY

MS = The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.

UI = D002784

 

 

Cholesterol Ester Storage Disease

AN = a lysosomal storage dis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A rare benign adult form of inherited lysosomal lipid storage disease that is due to deficiency of acid lipase. It results in an accumulation of neutral lipids, particularly cholesterol esters, within cells (particularly leukocytes, fibroblasts, and liver cells). It is an allelic variant of WOLMAN DISEASE.

UI = D015217

 

Cholesterol Monooxygenase (Side-Chain-Cleaving)

AN = a cytochrome P-450 enzyme; DF: note short X ref

MS = Multi-enzyme complex required for the conversion of cholesterol to adrenal cortex hormones. It releases methylpentanoate or isocaproaldehyde and pregnenolone. The complex contains cytochrome P-450, a flavoprotein, a non-heme iron protein, and NADPH. EC 1.14.15.6.

UI = D002786

 

Cholesterol Esterase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cholesterol and some other sterol esters, to liberate cholesterol plus a fatty acid anion. EC 3.1.1.13.

UI = D002787

 

Cholesterol Esters

MS = Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis.

UI = D002788

 

Cholesterol Oxidase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol in the presence of molecular oxygen to 4-cholesten-3-one and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme is not specific for cholesterol, but will also oxidize other 3-hydroxysteroids. EC 1.1.3.6.

UI = D002789

 

Cholesterol 7 alpha-Monooxygenase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of cholesterol to cholest-5-en-3 beta,7 alpha-diol. EC 1.14.13.17.

UI = D002790

 

Cholesterol, Dietary

AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind

MS = Cholesterol present in food, especially in animal products.

UI = D002791

 

Cholestyramine

AN = an anticholesteremic; D25-26 qualif

MS = Strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium as Cl(-) anion. It exchanges chloride ions with bile salts, thus decreasing their concentration and that of cholesterol. It is used as a hypocholesteremic in diarrhea and biliary obstruction and as an antipruritic.

UI = D002792

 

Cholic Acid

AN = CHOLIC ACIDS is available

MS = A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.

UI = D019826

 

 

 

Cholic Acids

AN = cholic acid glycine conjugate = GLYCOCHOLIC ACID; cholic acid taurine conjugate = TAUROCHOLIC ACID; CHOLIC ACID is also available

MS = The 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanic acid family of bile acids in man, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. They act as detergents to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, are reabsorbed by the small intestine, and are used as cholagogues and choleretics.

UI = D002793

 

Choline

AN = a lipotropic factor; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.

UI = D002794

 

Choline O-Acetyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.

UI = D002795

 

Choline Deficiency

AN = a vitamin B defic in animals; DF: CHOLINE DEFIC

MS = A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

UI = D002796

 

Choline Kinase

MS = An enzyme that is active in the first step of choline phosphoglyceride (lecithin) biosynthesis by catalyzing the phosphorylation of choline to phosphorylcholine in the presence of ATP. Ethanolamine and its methyl and ethyl derivatives can also act as acceptors. EC 2.7.1.32.

UI = D002797

 

Choline-Phosphate Cytidylyltransferase

AN = DF: CDP CHOLINE SYNTHETASE

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of cytidylate (CMP) to choline phosphate to form CDPcholine. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in the choline pathway for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine. Its activity is increased by glucocorticoids. EC 2.7.7.15.

UI = D019916

 

Cholinergic Agonists

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CHOLINERGIC AGON or CHOLINERGIC AG

MS = Drugs that bind to and activate cholinergic receptors.

UI = D018679

 

 

Cholinergic Antagonists

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; DF: CHOLINERGIC ANTAG

MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists.

UI = D018680

 

 

Cholinergic Agents

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; consider also PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff

MS = Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of ACETYLCHOLINE, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. The term cholinergic agents is sometimes still used in the narrower sense of MUSCARINIC AGONISTS, although most modern texts discourage that usage.

UI = D018678

 

 

 

 

 

Cholinergic Fibers

MS = Nerve fibers liberating acetylcholine at the synapse after an impulse.

UI = D002799

 

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

AN = DF: CHOLINESTERASE INHIB

MS = Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.

UI = D002800

 

Cholinesterase Reactivators

AN = note X refs

MS = Drugs used to reverse the inactivation of cholinesterase caused by organophosphates or sulfonates. They are an important component of therapy in agricultural, industrial, and military poisonings by organophosphates and sulfonates.

UI = D002801

 

Cholinesterases

AN = reactivation: index under CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS

UI = D002802

 

Chondro-4-Sulfatase

MS = An enzyme from the sulfuric ester hydrolase class that breaks down one of the products of the chondroitin lyase II reaction. EC 3.1.6.9.

UI = D002803

 

Chondroblastoma

AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BONE NEOPLASMS or precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A usually benign tumor composed of cells which arise from chondroblasts or their precursors and which tend to differentiate into cartilage cells. It occurs primarily in the epiphyses of adolescents. It is relatively rare and represents less than 2% of all primary bone tumors. The peak incidence is in the second decade of life; it is about twice as common in males as in females. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1846)

UI = D002804

 

Chondrocalcinosis

AN = a form of arthritis; note X ref: do not index under CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE unless particularly discussed

MS = Presence of calcium salts, especially calcium pyrophosphate, in the cartilaginous structures of one or more joints. When accompanied by attacks of goutlike symptoms, it is called pseudogout. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002805

 

 

Chondrocytes

MS = Mature cartilage cells embedded in lacunae within the cartilage matrix. (Dorland, 28th)

UI = D019902

 

Chondrodysplasia Punctata

AN = a form of osteochondrodysplasia with stippled epiphyses; spell X ref name HUNERMANN with an umlaut in titles & translations: Hunermann; CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC is also available

MS = A heterogeneous group of bone dysplasias, the common character of which is stippling of the epiphyses in infancy. The group includes a severe autosomal recessive form (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC), an autosomal dominant form (Conradi-Hunermann syndrome), and a milder X-linked form. Metabolic defects associated with impaired peroxisomes are present only in the rhizomelic form.

UI = D002806

 

Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Rhizomelic

AN = a form of osteochondrodysplasia with stippled epiphyses; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An autosomal recessive form of CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA characterized by defective plasmalogen biosynthesis and impaired peroxisomes. Patients have shortened proximal limbs and severely disturbed endochondrial bone formation. The metabolic defects associated with the impaired peroxisomes are present only in the rhizomelic form of chondrodysplasia punctata. (From Scriver et al, Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 6th ed, p1497)

UI = D018902

 

 

Chondroitin

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; CHONDROITIN SULFATE B see DERMATAN SULFATE is available

MS = A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D002807

 

Chondroitin ABC Lyase

AN = do not confuse with CHONDROITIN LYASES

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the eliminative degradation of polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-D-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages to disaccharides containing 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.2.2.4.

UI = D019765

 

 

 

 

Chondroitin Lyases

AN = do not confuse with CHONDROITIN ABC LYASE

MS = Enzymes which catalyze the elimination of delta-4,5-D-glucuronate residues from polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages thereby bringing about depolymerization. EC 4.2.2.4 acts on chondroitin sulfate A and C as well as on dermatan sulfate and slowly on hyaluronate. EC 4.2.2.5 acts on chondroitin sulfate A and C.

UI = D002808

 

Chondroitin Sulfates

AN = note specific X refs for CHONDROITIN SULFATE A, B & C

MS = Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.

UI = D002809

 

Chondroitinases and Chondroitin Lyases

AN = CHONDROITIN LYASES is available; DF: CHONDROITINASES

MS = Enzymes which catalyze the elimination of glucuronate residues from chondroitin A,B, and C or which catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate groups of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose 6-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate. EC 4.2.2.-.

UI = D002810

 

Chondroitinsulfatases

MS = A group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of various sulfate bonds of chondroitin sulfate. EC 3.1.6.-.

UI = D002811

 

Chondroma

AN = solitary; multiple = CHONDROMATOSIS; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); do not confuse X ref ENCHONDROMA with ENCHONDROMATOSIS

MS = A benign neoplasm derived from mesodermal cells that form cartilage. It may remain within the substance of a cartilage or bone (true chondroma or enchondroma) or may develop on the surface of a cartilage (ecchondroma or ecchondrosis). (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002812

 

Chondromatosis

AN = multiple; solitary = CHONDROMA; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct

MS = Multiple formation of chondromas. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D018210

 

 

 

 

Chondromatosis, Synovial

AN = non-neoplastic progressive joint metaplasia

MS = Rare, benign, chronic, progressive metaplasia in which cartilage is formed in the synovial membranes of joints, tendon sheaths, or bursae. Some of the metaplastic foci can become detached producing loose bodies. When the loose bodies undergo secondary calcification, the condition is called synovial osteochondromatosis.

UI = D015838

 

 

Chondrosarcoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BONE NEOPLASMS (IM) or specific precoord bone/neopl term (IM) or specific bone (IM) + BONE NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D002813

 

 

Chondrosarcoma, Mesenchymal

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BONE NEOPLASMS (IM) or specific precoord bone/neopl term (IM) or specific bone (IM) + BONE NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = A rare aggressive variant of chondrosarcoma, characterized by a biphasic histologic pattern of small compact cells intermixed with islands of cartilaginous matrix. Mesenchymal chondrosarcomas have a predilection for flat bones; long tubular bones are rarely affected. They tend to occur in the younger age group and are highly metastatic. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1456)

UI = D018211

 

 

Chorda Tympani Nerve

AN = a branch of the facial (7th cranial) nerve; dis: coord IM with FACIAL NERVE DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = A branch of the facial (7th cranial) nerve which passes through the middle ear and continues through the petrotympanic fissure. The chorda tympani nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and conveys parasympathetic efferents to the salivary glands.

UI = D002814

 

Chordae Tendineae

AN = for disease, coord IM with HEART DISEASES (IM); PAPILLARY MUSCLES is also available but read MeSH definition; false tendons: index PURKINJE FIBERS but see note there

MS = The tendinous cords that connect each cusp of the two atrioventricular valves to appropriate papillary muscles in the heart ventricles, preventing the valves from reversing themselves when the ventricles contract.

UI = D002815

 

Chordata

AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = A phylum of the animal kingdom comprising all the animals that have a notochord (the primitive axis of the body) during some stage of their development. It includes the subphyla Cephalochordata, UROCHORDATA, and Vertebrata (VERTEBRATES). (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002816

 

Chordoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

MS = A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002817

 

 

 

 

Chorea

AN = an involuntary movement disord; choreoathetosis = CHOREA (IM) + ATHETOSIS (IM)

MS = The ceaseless occurrence of a wide variety of rapid, highly complex, jerky movements that appear to be well coordinated but are performed involuntarily. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002819

 

Chorioamnionitis

AN = inflamm of chorion & amnion; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An inflammatory process involving the chorion, its fetal blood vessels, the umbilical cord, and the amnion by extension of the inflammation, as the amnion itself has no blood supply. This inflammatory process is potentially fatal to mother and fetus.

UI = D002821

 

Choriocarcinoma

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with UTERINE NEOPLASMS (IM) + FEMALE + PREGNANCY if in the female or TESTICULAR NEOPLASMS (IM) + MALE if in the male or other organ/neopl term applicable

MS = An epithelial malignancy of trophoblastic cells, formed by the abnormal proliferation of cuboidal and syncytial cells of the placental epithelium, without the production of chorionic villi. Almost all cases arise in the uterus, developing from hydatidiform mole (50%), following abortion (25%), or during normal pregnancy (22%). The remainder occur in ectopic pregnancy and genital (ovarian and testicular) and extragenital teratomas. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002822

 

Chorion

MS = The outermost extraembryonic membrane.

UI = D002823

 

Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

MS = The beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. It is used as a clinical marker to facilitate early detection of normal pregnancy and significantly contributes to the diagnosis of various pregnancy-related disorders, such as ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, or Trisomy 21. Further, determination of this marker is immensely helpful to guide curative intervention in testicular cancer. Other possible clinical uses includes as a marker of cancers of the bladder, pancreas, or biliary tract. (Scan J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 1993;216:97-104)

UI = D018997

 

 

Chorionic Villi

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol

MS = The threadlike, vascular projections of the chorion which enter into the formation of the placenta.

UI = D002824

 

 

 

Chorionic Villi Sampling

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = A method for diagnosis of fetal diseases by sampling the cells of the placental chorionic villi for DNA analysis, presence of bacteria, concentration of metabolites, etc. The advantage over amniocentesis is that the procedure can be carried out in the first trimester.

UI = D015193

 

 

Chorioretinitis

AN = inflamm of choroid & retina

MS = Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.

UI = D002825

 

Chorismate Mutase

MS = An isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of chorismic acid to prephenic acid. EC 5.4.99.5.

UI = D002826

 

Chorismic Acid

MS = trans-3[1-Carboxyvinyl-oxy]-4-hydroxy-1,5-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylic acid.

UI = D002827

 

Choristoma

AN = coord aberrant or heterotopic tissue of an organ under the organ without qualif, e.g., heterotopic pancreatic tissue in the duodenum = CHORISTOMA (IM) + DUODENAL DISEASES (IM) + PANCREAS (no qualif) (IM)

MS = A mass of histologically normal tissue present in an abnormal location.

UI = D002828

 

Chordopoxvirinae

AN = a subfamily of the family Poxviridae comprising all vertebrate (Chordo-)poxviruses; infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A subfamily of the family POXVIRIDAE, containing eight genera comprising all the vertebrate poxviruses.

UI = D018147

 

 

Choroid

AN = in the eye: do not confuse with CHOROID PLEXUS (in the brain); inflammation = CHOROIDITIS or CHORIORETINITIS; /blood supply consider also CILIARY ARTERIES

MS = The portion of the vascular tunic or uvea posterior to the ciliary body. It is the middle coat of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. It is composed of five main layers: the suprachoroid, Haller's layer, Sattler's layer, the choriocapillaris, and the lamina vitrea. It furnishes blood supply to the retina and conducts arteries and nerves to the anterior structures. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

UI = D002829

 

 

Choroid Diseases

AN = of the eye, not of the choroid plexus

MS = Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.

UI = D015862

 

 

Choroid Neoplasms

AN = of the eye: do not confuse with neopl of CHOROID PLEXUS ( = CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).

UI = D002830

 

Choroid Plexus

AN = in the brain: do not confuse with CHOROID (in the eye); diseases: coord IM with BRAIN DISEASES (IM); neopl = CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; choroid plexus papilloma = GLIOMA (IM) + CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS (IM)

MS = Infoldings of blood vessels of the pia mater covered by a thin coat of ependymal cells that form tufted projections into the third, fourth, and lateral ventricles of the brain. They secrete the cerebrospinal fluid. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002831

 

 

Choroid Plexus Neoplasms

AN = in the brain: do not confuse with CHOROID NEOPLASMS (in the eye); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = Neoplasms of the choroid plexus, blood vessels of the pia mater that project into the brain ventricles.

UI = D016545

 

 

 

Choroid Hemorrhage

AN = of the eye, not of the choroid plexus

MS = Hemorrhage from the vessels of the choroid.

UI = D002832

 

 

Choroidal Neovascularization

MS = Formation of new blood vessels in the choroid. It is associated with many ocular conditions, including inflammatory, infectious, degenerative, hereditary, and congenital disorders, as well as ocular tumors and trauma.

UI = D020256

 

 

Choroideremia

AN = of the eye, not of the choroid plexus: progressive degen in male, nonprogressive in female

MS = An X chromosome-linked abnormality characterized by atrophy of the choroid and degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium causing night blindness.

UI = D015794

 

 

 

Choroiditis

AN = of the eye, not of the choroid plexus; consider also CHORIORETINITIS

MS = Inflammation of the choroid.

UI = D002833

 

Christian Science

AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A religion discovered by Mary Baker Eddy in 1866 that was organized under the official name of the Church of Christ, Scientist, that derives its teachings from the Scriptures as understood by its adherents, and that includes a practice of spiritual healing based upon the teaching that cause and effect are mental, and that sin, sickness, and death will be destroyed by a full understanding of the divine principle of Jesus' teaching and healing. (Webster, 3d ed)

UI = D002834

 

Christianity

AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The religion stemming from the life, teachings, and death of Jesus Christ: the religion that believes in God as the Father Almighty who works redemptively through the Holy Spirit for men's salvation and that affirms Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior who proclaimed to man the gospel of salvation. (From Webster, 3d ed)

UI = D002835

 

Chromaffin Cells

AN = located in adrenal medulla & sympath paraganglia; store epinephrine

MS = Cells that store epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia (PARAGANGLIA, CHROMAFFIN) of the sympathetic nervous system.

UI = D019439

 

 

 

Chromaffin Granules

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

MS = Granules in the adrenal glands and various other organs, which are concerned with the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

UI = D002837

 

Chromaffin System

AN = /cytol: consider also specific CHROMAFFIN SYSTEM cell indentions

MS = The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs.

UI = D002838

 

Chromans

AN = do not confuse with CHROMONES

MS = Benzopyrans saturated in the 2 and 3 positions.

UI = D002839

 

Chromates

MS = Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.

UI = D002840

 

Chromatiaceae

AN = in mud & water containing sulfides

MS = Generally strictly anaerobic organisms found in the anaerobic and sulfide-containing parts of all kinds of aquatic environments.

UI = D002841

 

Chromatids

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

MS = Either of the two longitudinally adjacent threads formed when a eukaryotic chromosome replicates prior to mitosis. The chromatids are held together at the centromere. Sister chromatids are derived from the same chromosome. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

UI = D002842

 

Chromatin

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet /isol permitted

MS = The more readily stainable portion of the cell nucleus, forming a network of nuclear fibrils within the achromatin of a cell. It is a deoxyribonucleic acid attached to a protein (primarily histone) structure base and is the carrier of genes in inheritance. It occurs in two states, euchromatin and HETEROCHROMATIN, with different staining properties, and during cell division, it coils and folds to form the chromosomes. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002843

 

Chromatium

AN = in water

MS = A genus of gram-negative, ovoid to rod-shaped bacteria that is phototrophic. All species use ammonia as a nitrogen source. Some strains are found only in sulfide-containing freshwater habitats exposed to light while others may occur in marine, estuarine, and freshwater environments.

UI = D002844

 

Chromatography

AN = an anal chem technique; GEN: prefer specifics; NIM; on Sephadex G = GEL FILTRATION see CHROMATOGRAPHY, GEL; on DEAE Sephadex = CHROMATOGRAPHY, ION EXCHANGE; DF: CHROMATOGR

MS = Any of a diverse group of techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for two different media, one (the mobile phase) a moving fluid and the other (the stationary phase or sorbent) a porous solid or gel or a liquid coated on a solid support. The speed at which each substance is carried along by the mobile phase depends on its solubility (in a liquid mobile phase) or vapor pressure (in a gas mobile phase) and on its affinity for the sorbent. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002845

 

Chromatography, Affinity

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR AFFINITY

MS = A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002846

 

Chromatography, Agarose

AN = a type of gel chromatogr; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR AGAROSE

MS = A method of gel filtration chromatography using agarose, the non-ionic component of agar, for the separation of compounds with molecular weights up to several million.

UI = D002847

 

Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose

AN = a type of ion exchange chromatogr: do not confuse with chromatogr on DEAE Sephadex ( = CHROMATOGRAPHY, ION EXCHANGE); NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR DEAE CELLULOSE

MS = A type of ion exchange chromatography using diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-CELLULOSE) as a positively charged resin. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002848

 

Chromatography, Gas

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR GAS

MS = Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.

UI = D002849

 

Chromatography, Gel

AN = a type of liquid chromatogr; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR GEL

MS = Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

UI = D002850

 

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: note short X ref

MS = Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

UI = D002851

 

Chromatography, Ion Exchange

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR ION EXCHANGE

MS = Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

UI = D002852

 

Chromatography, Liquid

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR LIQUID

MS = Chromatographic techniques in which the mobile phase is a liquid.

UI = D002853

 

Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary

AN = do not confuse with capillary gas chromatography (= CHROMATOGRAPHY, GAS)

MS = A hybrid separation technique combining both chromatographic and electrophoretic separation principles. While the method was invented to separate neutral species, it can also be applied to charged molecules such as small peptides.

UI = D020374

 

 

 

 

Chromatography, Paper

AN = a type of liquid chromatogr; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR PAPER

MS = A type of chromatography in which the stationary phase is a sheet of special-grade filter paper. It is in all other aspects similar to thin-layer chromatography. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002854

 

Chromatography, Thin Layer

AN = a type of liquid chromatogr; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR THIN LAYER

MS = Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002855

 

Chromatophores

AN = do not confuse with chromophores (chemical groups imparting color to a cpd); BACTERIAL CHROMATOPHORES is available

MS = The large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates which actively disperse and aggregate their pigment granules. These cells include MELANOPHORES, erythrophores, xanthophores, leucophores and iridiophores. (In algae, chromatophores refer to CHLOROPLASTS. In phototrophic bacteria chromatophores refer to membranous organelles (BACTERIAL CHROMATOPHORES.)

UI = D002856

 

Chromium

AN = a trace element; Cr-52

MS = A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.

UI = D002857

 

Chromium Alloys

AN = used in dent technol & orthopedics; D25-26 qualif

MS = Specific alloys not less than 85% chromium and nickel or cobalt, with traces of either nickel or cobalt, molybdenum, and other substances. They are used in partial dentures, orthopedic implants, etc.

UI = D002858

 

Chromium Compounds

AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CHROMIUM CPDS

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain chromium as an integral part of the molecule.

UI = D017608

 

 

Chromium Isotopes

AN = Cr-50, 53, 54; NIM; no qualif

MS = Stable chromium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element chromium, but differ in atomic weight. Cr-50, 53, and 54 are stable chromium isotopes.

UI = D002859

 

Chromium Radioisotopes

AN = Cr-46-49,51,55,56; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

MS = Unstable isotopes of chromium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cr atoms with atomic weights of 46-49, 51, 55, and 56 are radioactive chromium isotopes.

UI = D002860

 

Chromobacterium

AN = in soil & water

MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring in soil and water. Its organisms are generally nonpathogenic, but some species do cause infections of mammals, including humans.

UI = D002861

 

Chromoblastomycosis

AN = fungus dis of skin; coord IM with causative agent (IM)

MS = Scaly papule or warty growth, caused by five fungi, that spreads as a result of satellite lesions affecting the foot or leg. The extremity may become swollen and, at its distal portion, covered with various nodular, tumorous, verrucous lesions that resemble cauliflower. In rare instances, the disease may begin on the hand or wrist and involve the entire upper extremity. (Arnold, Odom, and James, Andrew's Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p362)

UI = D002862

 

Chromogenic Compounds

AN = "colorless ... precursors that may be transformed ... into colored cpds; used in biochem assays & ... as indicators"; D25-26 qualif; DF: CHROMOGENIC CPDS

MS = Colorless, endogenous or exogenous pigment precursors that may be transformed by biological mechanisms into colored compounds; used in biochemical assays and in diagnosis as indicators, especially in the form of enzyme substrates. Synonym: chromogens (not to be confused with pigment-synthesizing bacteria also called chromogens).

UI = D002863

 

Chromogranins

AN = nerve tissue proteins

UI = D002864

 

 

Chromomycin A3

AN = an antineoplastic antibiotic

MS = Glycosidic antibiotic from Streptomyces griseus used as a fluorescent stain of DNA and as an antineoplastic agent.

UI = D014128

 

 

Chromomycins

AN = antineoplastic antibiotics

MS = A complex of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics from Streptomyces griseus. The major component, CHROMOMYCIN A3, is used as a fluorescent stain of DNA where it attaches and inhibits RNA synthesis. It is also used as an antineoplastic agent, especially for solid tumors.

UI = D002865

 

Chromonar

AN = a vasodilator

MS = [(3-(2-(Diethylamino)-ethyl)-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl)oxy]acetic acid ethyl ester. A coronary vasodilator agent.

UI = D002866

 

Chromones

AN = do not confuse with CHROMANS

UI = D002867

 

Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

MS = Nucleoproteins which in contrast to histones are acid insoluble. They are involved in chromosomal functions; e.g. they bind selectively to DNA, stimulate transcription resulting in tissue-specific RNA synthesis and undergo specific changes in response to various hormones or phytomitogens.

UI = D002868

 

Chromosome Aberrations

AN = note category: structural or numerical deviations not necessarily manifesting as disease or patent abnormality; coord IM with specific numbered chromosome or sex chromosome (IM) but not with CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN

MS = Deviations from the normal number or structure of chromosomes, not necessarily associated with disease.

UI = D002869

 

Chromosome Abnormalities

AN = note category: structural or numerical deviations manifesting as disease or abnormality; coord IM with specific numbered chromosome (IM) but not with CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN; coord IM with specific dis (IM); SEX CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES is also available; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Defects in the structure or number of chromosomes resulting in structural aberrations or manifesting as disease.

UI = D002870

 

Chromosome Banding

MS = Staining of bands, or chromosome segments, allowing the precise identification of individual chromosomes or parts of chromosomes. Applications include the determination of chromosome rearrangements in malformation syndromes and cancer, the chemistry of chromosome segments, chromosome changes during evolution, and, in conjunction with cell hybridization studies, chromosome mapping.

UI = D002871

 

Chromosome Breakage

AN = a chromosome aberration; note category

MS = A type of chromosomal aberration which may result from spontaneous or induced breakage. Alkylating agents, various types of irradiation, and chemical mutagens have been found to cause induced chromosomal breakage. Breakage can induce base pair translocations, deletions, or chromatid breakage.

UI = D019457

 

 

Chromosome Deletion

AN = no qualif; for coord see note on CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS

MS = Actual loss of a portion of the chromosome.

UI = D002872

 

Chromosome Fragility

MS = Susceptibility of chromosomes to breakage and translocation or other aberrations. Chromosome fragile sites are regions that show up in karyotypes as a gap (uncondensed stretch) on the chromatid arm. They are associated with chromosome break sites and other aberrations. A fragile site on the X chromosome is associated with FRAGILE X SYNDROME. Fragile sites are designated by the letters "FRA" followed by the designation for the specific chromosome and a letter which refers to the different fragile sites on a chromosome (e.g. FRAXA).

UI = D002873

 

Chromosome Mapping

MS = Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

UI = D002874

 

Chromosome Painting

MS = A technique for visualizing CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS using fluorescently labeled DNA probes which are hybridized to chromosomal DNA. Multiple fluorochromes may be attached to the probes. Upon hybridization, this produces a multicolored, or painted, effect with a unique color at each site of hybridization. This technique may also be used to identify cross-species homology by labeling probes from one species for hybridization with chromosomes from another species.

UI = D020223

 

Chromosome Segregation

MS = The orderly segregation of chromosomes during MEIOSIS or MITOSIS.

UI = D020090

 

 

Chromosome Walking

AN = technique for exploring an unknown region of a CHROMOSOME

MS = A technique with which an unknown region of a chromosome can be explored. It is generally used to isolate a locus of interest for which no probe is available but that is known to be linked to a gene which has been identified and cloned. A fragment containing a known gene is selected and used as a probe to identify other overlapping fragments which contain the same gene. The nucleotide sequences of these fragments can then be characterized. This process continues for the length of the chromosome.

UI = D016386

 

 

 

 

Chromosomes

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; /pathol = CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES or CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS; for CHROMOSOMES & its specifics or CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES in a tissue in a disease, coord IM with tissue /ultrastruct (IM) + dis /genet (IM); /class = probably KARYOTYPING; all numbered pairs are available: these are HUMAN only

MS = In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

UI = D002875

 

 

Chromosomes, Archaeal

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet /permitted; coord IM with specific archaeon /genet (IM)

MS = Structures within the nucleus of archaeal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

UI = D019847

 

 

Chromosomes, Bacterial

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; coord IM with specific bact /genet (IM); DF: CHROMOSOMES BACT

MS = Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

UI = D002876

 

 

Chromosomes, Fungal

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; coord IM with specific fungus /genet (IM)

MS = Structures within the nucleus of fungal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

UI = D015825

 

 

Chromosomes, Human

AN = GEN only: prefer specifics; IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; do not coord with pre-coord chromosome terms, such as CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS, CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE, etc.: check tag HUMAN will serve for these

MS = The structures within the human cell nucleus that contain the hereditary material, DNA. There are 46 chromosomes normally present in the human, including two which determine the sex of individual, XX for the female and XY for the male. Human chromosomes are classified into groups sharing structural similarity in terms of length from the centromere. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002877

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the three pairs in the first group (or group A) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002878

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the seven pairs in the third group (or group C) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002879

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the seven pairs in the third group (or group C) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002880

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the seven pairs in the third group (or group C) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002881

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of three pairs in the fourth group (or group D) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002882

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of three pairs in the fourth group (or group D) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002883

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the three pairs in the fourth group (or group D) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002884

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the three pairs in the fifth group (or group E) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002885

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the three pairs in the fifth group (or group E) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002886

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the three pairs in the fifth group (or group E) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002887

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the two pairs in the sixth group (or group F) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002888

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the three pairs in the first group (or group A) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002889

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the two pairs in the sixth group (or group F) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002890

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the two pairs in the seventh group (or group G) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002891

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the two pairs in the seventh group (or group G) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002892

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the three pairs in the first group (or group A) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002893

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the two pairs in the second group (or group B) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002894

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the two pairs in the second group (or group B) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002895

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the seven pairs in the third group (or group C) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002896

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the seven pairs in the third group (or group C) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002897

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the seven pairs in the third group (or group C) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002898

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the seven pairs in the third group (or group C) of human chromosomes according to the current classification for humans.

UI = D002899

 

Chromosomes, Human, 1-3

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = One of the seven groups of chromosomes containing three pairs conventionally named pairs 1, 2, and 3. The chromosomes in this group, also called group A, are large chromosomes with centromeres approximately in the middle. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th Amer. ed, p17)

UI = D002900

 

Chromosomes, Human, 13-15

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = The fourth of the seven groups of chromosomes containing three pairs conventionally named pairs 13, 14, and 15. The chromosomes in this group, also called group D, are medium sized with centromeres in the acrocentric position. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th Amer. ed, p17)

UI = D002901

 

Chromosomes, Human, 16-18

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = The fifth of the seven groups of chromosomes containing three pairs conventionally named pairs 16, 17, and 18. The chromosomes in this group, also called group E, are rather short and submetacentric. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th Amer. ed, p17)

UI = D002902

 

Chromosomes, Human, 19-20

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = The sixth of the seven groups of chromosomes containing two pairs conventionally named pairs 19 and 20. The chromosomes in this group, also called group F, are short and metacentric. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th Amer. ed, p17)

UI = D002903

 

Chromosomes, Human, 21-22

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = The seventh of the seven groups of chromosomes containing two pairs conventionally named pairs 21 and 22, and the Y CHROMOSOME. The chromosomes in this group, also called the G group, are very short and acrocentric. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th Amer. ed, p17)

UI = D002904

 

Chromosomes, Human, 4-5

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = The second of the seven groups of chromosomes containing two pairs conventionally named pairs 4 and 5. The chromosomes in this group, also called group B, are large with centromeres in the submetacentric position. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th Amer. ed, p17)

UI = D002905

 

Chromosomes, Human, 6-12

AN = IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol /pathol /transpl; /genet permitted; coord with specific chromosome term, espec CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS or CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES (IM); DF: note short X ref

MS = The third of the seven groups of chromosomes containing seven pairs conventionally named pairs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, and the X CHROMOSOME. The chromosomes in this group, also called group C, are medium sized with centromeres in the submetacentric position. The X chromosome most resembles 6. This group presents the major difficulty in the identification of individual chromosomes. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th Amer. ed, p17)

UI = D002906

 

Chromosomes, Yeast Artificial

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; coord IM with specific yeast /genet (IM or NIM only if particularly discussed); DF: note short X ref

MS = Chromosomes in which fragments of exogenous DNA ranging in length up to several hundred kilobase pairs have been cloned into yeast through ligation to vector sequences. These artificial chromosomes are used extensively in molecular biology for the construction of comprehensive genomic libraries of higher organisms.

UI = D018244

 

 

Chronaxy

MS = The shortest duration of an effective electrical stimulus to nerve or muscle tissue, having a strength equal to twice the minimum strength required for excitation. (Stedman's, 25th ed)

UI = D002907

 

Chronic Disease

AN = IM GEN only; usually NIM with specific dis IM; no qualif when NIM; Manual 23.16+

MS = Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

UI = D002908

 

Chronobiology

AN = "biol systems as affected by time"; DF: CHRONOBIOL

MS = The study of biological systems as affected by time. Aging, biological rhythms, and cyclic phenomena are included. Statistical, computer-aided mathematical procedures are used to describe, in mathematical terminology, various biological functions over time.

UI = D002909

 

Chronology

AN = no qualif; used more by Catalogers than Indexers; do not confuse with TIME, TIME FACTORS or TIME PERCEPTION: CHRONOLOGY is usually for data or events arranged in order of time or occurrence; DF: CHRONOL CATALOG: form qualif /chronology is available

UI = D002910

 

 

Chronology [Publication Type]

MS = Lists of events arranged in chronological order.

UI = D020469

 

Chronotherapy

AN = ther based on circadian rhythm; not restricted to drug ther nor to cancer chemother; IM; coord with type of ther (IM) or specific drug with probably /admin (IM) but do not coord with DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE or CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DF: CHRONOTHER

MS = The adaptation of the administration of drugs to circadian rhythms. The concept is based on the response of biological functions to time-related events, such as the low point in epinephrine levels between 10 p.m. and 4 a.m. or the elevated histamine levels between midnight and 4 a.m. The treatment is aimed at supporting normal rhythms or modifying therapy based on known variations in body rhythms. While chronotherapy is commonly used in cancer chemotherapy, it is not restricted to cancer therapy or to chemotherapy.

UI = D019454

 

 

 

Chrysenes

AN = hydrocarbons from coal tar

MS = 1,2-Benzphenanthrenes. Polycyclic hydrocarbons obtained from coal tar.

UI = D002911

 

Chrysosporium

AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOSES (IM) or specific mycosis (IM)

MS = A mitosporic Onygenaceae fungal genus which causes adiaspiromycosis, a pulmonary mycosis of man and rodents. One of its teleomorphs is Ajellomyces.

UI = D002912

 

 

Churg-Strauss Syndrome

AN = necrotizing angiitis with granulomas

MS = Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.

UI = D015267

 

 

Chyle

AN = a type of lymph; chyluria: index CHYLE (IM) + URINE (NIM)

MS = The milky substance taken up by the lacteals (intestinal lymphatics) from the food in the intestine during digestion. It consists of lymph and droplets of triglyceride fat (CHYLOMICRONS) in a stable emulsion. It passes into the veins by the THORACIC DUCT, becoming mixed with blood. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002913

 

Chylomicrons

AN = lipoproteins

MS = A class of lipoproteins that transport exogenous (dietary) cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestine to tissues after meals. Synthesized in the intestinal mucosa and carried via the intestinal lacteals and lymphatic system to the blood stream, they are then degraded to chylomicron remnants in the capillaries of muscle and adipose tissue through cleavage of the majority of their triglycerides by endothelial lipoprotein lipase. These remnants are rapidly cleared by the liver by receptor-mediated endocytosis. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002914

 

Chyloperitoneum

AN = chyle in the peritoneal cavity

MS = The presence of effused chyle in the peritoneal cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002915

 

Chylothorax

AN = chyle in thoracic cavity

MS = The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002916

 

Chymopapain

MS = A peptide peptidohydrolase with cysteine at the active center from papaya. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. Also catalyzes the synthesis of hippuryl-aniline. Formerly EC 3.4.4.11

UI = D002917

 

 

Chymosin

AN = do not confuse X ref RENNIN with RENIN; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.

UI = D012085

 

 

 

 

Chymotrypsin

AN = /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted; /antag: consider also ALPHA 1-ANTICHYMOTRYPSIN; chymotrypsin in X ref ENZYMATIC ZONULOLYSIS see CATARACT EXTRACTION is the usual method of performing this type of cataract extraction: do not index CHYMOTRYPSIN unless particularly discussed; alpha-chymotrypsin goes here

UI = D002918

 

Chymotrypsinogen

AN = an enzyme precursor

UI = D002919

 

 

Chytridiomycota

MS = A phylum of fungi that was formerly considered a subdivision of Phycomycetes. They are the only fungi that produce motile cells at some stage in their life cycle. Most are saprobes but they also contain examples of plant, animal and fungal pathogens.

UI = D008411

 

 

Cialit

AN = a tissue preservative

MS = Ethylmercury(2-mercapto-5-benzoxazolecarboxylic acid)sodium salt. Tissue preservative.

UI = D002920

 

 

Cicatrix

AN = only Cat C qualif; CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC is also available

MS = The formation of new tissue in the process of wound healing.

UI = D002921

 

 

Cicatrix, Hypertrophic

AN = does not spread to surrounding tissue: do not confuse with KELOID which does; follow text of author

MS = An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.

UI = D017439

 

 

Ciguatoxin

AN = from a West Indies word for fish poisoning (cigua = a type of snail); /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; coord IM with source of ciguatoxin (IM or NIM)

MS = A toxin found in flesh of marine animals, especially some fishes, at some times, in some localities. It is probably of algal origin, causes paresthesia, gastrointestinal symptoms, neuromuscular blockade, and respiratory paralysis due to interference with membrane function. The poisoning is also called ciguatera.

UI = D002922

 

 

Cilastatin

AN = a protease inhib

MS = A renal dehydropeptidase-I and leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor. Since the antibiotic, IMIPENEM, is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-I, which resides in the brush border of the renal tubule, cilastatin is administered with imipenem to increase its effectiveness. The drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukeotriene E4.

UI = D015377

 

 

Cilazapril

AN = an ACE inhib

MS = An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. Preliminary results also indicate its potential in the treatment of congestive heart failure. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.

UI = D017315

 

 

Cilia

AN = IM GEN only; NIM when specific organ is IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; do not confuse with the protozoa CILIATA see CILIOPHORA or with the Latin plural of EYELASHES

MS = Populations of thin, motile processes found covering the surface of ciliates (CILIOPHORA) or the free surface of the cells making up ciliated EPITHELIUM. Each cilium arises from a basic granule in the superficial layer of CYTOPLASM. The movement of cilia propels ciliates through the liquid in which they live. The movement of cilia on a ciliated epithelium serves to propel a surface layer of mucus or fluid. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

UI = D002923

 

 

Ciliary Arteries

MS = Arteries supplying the iris, conjunctiva, choroid, and ciliary body. The anterior ciliary arteries originate in the ophthalmic and lacrimal arteries and supply the iris and conjunctiva; the short posterior ciliary arteries originate in the ophthalmic artery and supply the choroid; the long posterior ciliary arteries originate in the ophthalmic artery and supply the iris and ciliary process. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019842

 

 

Ciliary Body

AN = inflammation: consider CILIARY BODY (IM) + UVEITIS (IM) or UVEITIS, ANTERIOR (IM); dis = CILIARY BODY (IM) + UVEAL DISEASES (IM); neopl = CILIARY BODY (IM) + UVEAL NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); /blood supply consider also CILIARY ARTERIES; pigmented ciliary epithelium: coord CILIARY BODY with PIGMENT EPITHELIUM OF EYE

MS = A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion.

UI = D002924

 

 

Ciliary Motility Disorders

AN = ciliary refers to nasal, paranasal sinus, respiratory & sometimes spermatozoon cilia

MS = Disorders characterized by abnormal ciliary movement in the nose, paranasal sinuses, respiratory tract, and spermatozoa. Electron microscopy of the cilia shows that dynein arms are missing. The disorders manifest as Kartagener triad (KARTAGENER'S SYNDROME), chronic respiratory disorders, chronic sinusitis, and/or chronic otitis.

UI = D002925

 

 

Ciliophora

AN = infection = CILIOPHORA INFECTIONS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A phylum of protozoa characterized by the presence of cilia at some time during the life cycle. It comprises three classes: KINETOFRAGMINOPHOREA, OLIGOHYMENOPHOREA, and POLYMENOPHOREA.

UI = D016798

 

Ciliophora Infections

AN = protozoan infect; GEN or unspecified; most common infect is BALANTIDIASIS

MS = Infections with protozoa of the phylum CILIOPHORA.

UI = D016770

 

 

Cimetidine

MS = A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P-450.

UI = D002927

 

 

Cimicidae

AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

MS = A family of wingless, blood-sucking insects of the suborder HETEROPTERA, including the bedbugs and related forms. Cimex (BEDBUGS), Heamatosiphon, and Oeciacus are medically important genera. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D020063

 

 

Cinanserin

AN = a serotonin antag

MS = A serotonin antagonist with limited antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and immunosuppressive activity.

UI = D002928

 

 

Cinchona

AN = plant only: alkaloids = CINCHONA ALKALOIDS

MS = A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic CINCHONA ALKALOIDS from their bark; QUININE, QUINIDINE, chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias.

UI = D002929

 

 

Cinchona Alkaloids

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specific indentions

MS = Alkaloids extracted from various species of Cinchona.

UI = D002930

 

 

Cineangiography

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CINEANGIOGR

MS = Motion pictures of the passage of contrast medium through blood vessels.

UI = D002932

 

 

Cineradiography

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CINERADIOGR

MS = Motion picture study of successive images appearing on a fluoroscopic screen.

UI = D002933

 

Cinnamates

UI = D002934

 

 

Cinnamon

MS = Cinnamomum zeylanicum, an evergreen tree of the laurel family (Lauraceae), and its dried inner bark used as a spice or medicinally.

UI = D002935

 

 

Cinnarizine

MS = A piperazine derivative with histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity and considerable antiemetic properties.

UI = D002936

 

 

Cinoxacin

AN = an anti-infective

MS = Synthetic antimicrobial related to oxolinic and nalidixic acids and used in urinary tract infections.

UI = D002937

 

 

Ciona intestinalis

AN = a tunicate used in research; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = The only species of a cosmopolitan ascidian. It is useful as a research animal.

UI = D002938

 

 

Ciprofloxacin

AN = an anti-infective

MS = A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections.

UI = D002939

 

 

Circadian Rhythm

AN = approx 24-hour cycle; drug admin based on circadian rhythm = CHRONOTHERAPY: do not coord with CIRCADIAN RHYTHM or DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; jet lag: coord IM with TRAVEL (IM)

MS = The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness.

UI = D002940

 

 

Circle of Willis

MS = A polygonal anastomosis at the base of the brain formed by the internal carotid, the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries, the anterior communicating artery and the posterior communicating arteries.

UI = D002941

 

 

Circoviridae

AN = a family of DNA viruses; from CIRcular COnformation of the viral DNA; infection = CIRCOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

MS = A family of very small viruses containing circular, single-stranded DNA and possessing no envelope. The modes of transmission are not known. There is one genus: CIRCOVIRUS.

UI = D018136

 

 

Circoviridae Infections

AN = GEN or unspecified

MS = Virus diseases caused by the CIRCOVIRIDAE.

UI = D018173

 

 

Circovirus

AN = a genus of the family Circoviridae; infection = CIRCOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

MS = A genus of the family CIRCOVIRIDAE that infects fowl, swine, and psittacine birds. It is the only DNA virus affecting mammals which contains a single-stranded circular genome. The three species are CHICKEN ANEMIA VIRUS causing transient anemia and immunosuppression in baby chicks; beak and feather disease virus causing a fatal disease in psittacine birds; and porcine circovirus, not yet associated with any disease.

UI = D017925

 

 

Circular Dichroism

AN = a type of spectrum anal; NIM; no qualif

MS = A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002942

 

 

Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology

AN = not used for indexing; DF: CIRC RESPIRATORY PHYSIOL CATALOG: do not use

MS = Functions and activities of cardiovascular circulation and of respiration and respiratory mechanics.

UI = D002943

 

 

Circumcision

AN = GEN or unspecified but usually male; when male, check tags HUMAN & MALE; when unspecified, check HUMAN but no sex tag; for female, CIRCUMCISION, FEMALE is available

MS = Excision of the prepuce or part of it.

UI = D002944

 

 

Circumcision, Female

AN = check tags HUMAN & FEMALE

MS = A general term encompassing both the excision of a portion of the external female genitalia (Sunna and pharaonic circumcision) and infibulation. Although it is associated with severe health risks and has been declared illegal in many places, it is widely practiced in a number of countries, particularly in Africa. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019093

 

 

Cisapride

MS = A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)

UI = D020117

 

 

Cisplatin

MS = An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.

UI = D002945

 

 

Cisterna Magna

AN = /surg: VENTRICULOCISTERNOSTOMY see VENTRICULOSTOMY is also available

UI = D002946

 

 

cis-trans-Isomerases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the rearrangement of geometry about double bonds. EC 5.2.

UI = D019745

 

 

Citalopram

MS = A selective neuronal serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a clinically effective antidepressant with tolerable side effects. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia (TD) in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition.

UI = D015283

 

 

Cities

AN = IM for cities as sociol or population entities; specific indentions are available (NIM only) for epidemiol or ethnol studies; URBANIZATION is available for the develop from rural to urban society; URBAN POPULATION and URBAN HEALTH are also available CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A large or important municipality of a country, usually a major metropolitan center.

UI = D002947

 

 

Citraconic Anhydrides

MS = Methylmaleic anhydrides.

UI = D002949

 

 

Citrate (si)-Synthase

MS = An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the condensation of oxaloacetate and the acetyl group of coenzyme A to form citrate and coenzyme A. This is the initial reaction in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 4.1.3.7.

UI = D002950

 

 

Citrates

AN = /metab: consider also CITRIC ACID CYCLE

UI = D002951

 

 

Citric Acid

AN = an anticoagulant; do not confuse X ref CITRATE with CITRATES

MS = A compound from citrus fruits that is an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle. It is used as an acidifying agent in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Citrate chelates calcium ions and prevents blood clotting. It is also used as an anticoagulant for stored whole blood and red cells and also for blood specimens. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019343

 

 

Citric Acid Cycle

MS = A series of reactions involving oxidation of a two-carbon acetyl unit to carbon dioxide and water with the production of high-energy phosphate bonds by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediate.

UI = D002952

 

 

Citrinin

AN = an antibiotic

MS = 4,6-Dihydro-8-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-6-oxo-3H-2-benzopyran- 7-carboxylic acid. Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.

UI = D002953

 

 

Citrobacter

AN = in soil, water & sometimes intestine; infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped enterobacteria that can use citrate as the sole source of carbon.

UI = D002954

 

 

Citrobacter freundii

AN = in soil, water, human & animal matter; opportunistic; infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in man and other animals including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Its organisms have also been isolated from soil and water as well as from clinical specimens such as urine, throat, sputum, blood, and wound swabs as an opportunistic pathogen.

UI = D016971

 

 

Citrulline

AN = an amino acid

UI = D002956

 

 

Citrus

AN = as plant & fruit; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2; orange & grapefruit juices: coord IM with BEVERAGES (IM)

MS = Any tree or shrub of the rue family or the fruit of these plants.

UI = D002957

 

 

City Planning

AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Comprehensive planning for the physical development of the city.

UI = D002958

 

 

Civil Defense

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Preventive emergency measures and programs designed to protect the individual or community in times of hostile attack.

UI = D002959

 

 

Civil Disorders

AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Deliberate and planned acts of unlawful behavior engaged in by aggrieved segments of the population in seeking social change.

UI = D002960

 

 

Civil Rights

AN = Specify geog; consider also HUMAN RIGHTS & SOCIAL JUSTICE; PRIVACY ACT see PRIVACY is also available CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Legal guarantee protecting the individual from attack on personal liberties, right to fair trial, right to vote, and freedom from discrimination on the basis of race, religion, national origin, age, or gender.

UI = D002961

 

 

Civilization

AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The distinctly human attributes and attainments of a particular society.

UI = D002962

 

 

Cladosporium

AN = infection: coord IM with probably MYCOSES or TINEA (IM)

MS = A mitosporic Loculoascomycetes fungal genus including some economically important plant parasites. Teleomorphs include Mycosphaerella and Venturia.

UI = D002963

 

 

Cladribine

AN = an antineoplastic

MS = An antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases including hairy-cell leukemia.

UI = D017338

 

 

Clams

AN = as animal & food; IM; as food, coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM); /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = Equivalved edible marine mollusks that live wholly or partially in sand or mud. Some genera are Mya, Venus, and Mactra.

UI = D002964

 

 

Clarithromycin

AN = a macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin

MS = A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.

UI = D017291

 

 

Classical Article [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; appears in titles within brackets & in translations within parentheses; consider also publication type HISTORICAL ARTICLE; Manual 14.5.1.10, 32.9+, 32.16.14

MS = The current presentation of a previously printed seminal article marking a milestone in the history of medicine or science. It is usually accompanied by introductory remarks heralding its reprinting, often on the anniversary of its original publication or on an anniversary of the author's birth or death. It is usually reprinted in full, with complete bibliographical reference to the original appearance.

UI = D016419

 

 

Classification

AN = GEN only; prefer /class: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.6; DF; CLASS

MS = The systematic arrangement of entities in any field into categories classes based on common characteristics such as properties, morphology, subject matter, etc.

UI = D002965

 

 

Clathrin

AN = a membrane protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = The main structural coat protein of coated vesicles which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins.

UI = D002966

 

Claviceps

MS = A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Clavicipitaceae, order Hypocreales, parasitic on various grasses. The sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism.

UI = D002967

 

Clavicle

UI = D002968

 

Clavulanic Acid

MS = Clavulanic acid (C8H9O5N) and its salts and esters. The acid is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.

UI = D019818

 

 

Clavulanic Acids

AN = enzyme inhib & lactam antibiotics; /biosyn permitted if by living matter

MS = Acids, salts, and derivatives of clavulanic acid (C8H9O5N). They consist of those beta-lactam compounds that differ from penicillin in having the sulfur of the thiazolidine ring replaced by an oxygen. They have limited antibacterial action, but block bacterial beta-lactamase irreversibly, so that similar antibiotics are not broken down by the bacterial enzymes and therefore can exert their antibacterial effects.

UI = D002969

 

 

Cleavage Stage, Ovum

AN = note category; "the embryo in its earliest stage"; A 11 qualif

MS = The embryo in its earliest stage, lasting from the first mitotic division of the fertilized ovum into two blastomeres to the formation of the morula, a compact mass of blastomeres.

UI = D002970

 

 

Cleft Lip

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; when with CLEFT PALATE, do not also use ABNORMALITIES, MULTIPLE CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.

UI = D002971

 

 

Cleft Palate

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; when with CLEFT LIP, do not also use ABNORMALITIES, MULTIPLE CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.

UI = D002972

 

 

Cleidocranial Dysplasia

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A rare autosomal dominant condition in which there is defective ossification of the cranial bones with large fontanels and delayed closing of the sutures, complete or partial absence of the clavicles, wide pubic symphysis, short middle phalanges of the fifth fingers, and dental and vertebral anomalies. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D002973

 

 

Clemastine

AN = a histamine H1 antag & antipruritic

MS = Histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.

UI = D002974

 

 

Clenbuterol

AN = a bronchodilator

MS = A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.

UI = D002976

 

 

Clergy

UI = D002977

 

 

Climacteric

AN = female & male; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; "premenopausal" goes under PREMENOPAUSE, "postmenopausal" goes under POSTMENOPAUSE

MS = Physiologic period, characterized by endocrine, somatic, and psychic changes with the termination of ovarian function in the female. It may also accompany the normal diminution of sexual activity in the male.

UI = D002979

 

 

Climate

AN = GEN; no qualif

UI = D002980

 

 

Clindamycin

AN = an aminoglycoside antibiotic

MS = A semisynthetic analog of the natural antibiotic LINCOMYCIN from which it is produced by chlorination. It is effective primarily against gram-positive bacteria. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D002981

 

 

Clinical Chemistry Tests

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM; DF: CLIN CHEM TESTS

MS = Laboratory tests demonstrating the presence of physiologically significant substances in the blood, urine, tissue, and body fluids with application to the diagnosis or therapy of disease.

UI = D019963

 

 

Clinical Clerkship

AN = an undergrad med educ program; DF: CLIN CLERKSHIP

MS = Undergraduate medical education programs for second- , third- , and fourth-year students in which the students receive clinical training and experience in teaching hospitals or affiliated health centers.

UI = D002982

 

 

Clinical Competence

AN = competence in professional activities directly related to patient care: differentiate from PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE which refers to competence not necessarily related to patient care; DF: CLIN COMPETENCE

MS = The capability to perform acceptably those duties directly related to patient care.

UI = D002983

 

 

Clinical Conference [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; appears in titles within brackets & in translations within parentheses; Manual 14.5.1.7, 18.11.8-18.11.15

MS = A conference of physicians on their observations of a patient at the bedside, regarding the physical state, laboratory and other diagnostic findings, clinical manifestations, results of current therapy, etc. A clinical conference usually ends with a confirmation or correction of clinical findings by a pathological diagnosis performed by a pathologist. "Clinical conference" is often referred to as a "clinico-pathological conference."

UI = D016429

 

 

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems

AN = DF: CLIN LABORATORY INFORMATION SYSTEMS

MS = Information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative and clinical activities associated with the provision and utilization of clinical laboratory services.

UI = D002984

 

 

Clinical Medicine

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: CLIN MED

MS = The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient.

UI = D015510

 

 

Clinical Nursing Research

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: CLIN NURS RESEARCH CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Research carried out by nurses in the clinical setting and designed to provide information that will help improve patient care. Other professional staff may also participate in the research.

UI = D015400

 

 

Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems

AN = DF: CLIN PHARM INFORMATION SYSTEMS

MS = Information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative activities associated with the provision and utilization of clinical pharmacy services.

UI = D016303

 

 

Clinical Protocols

AN = "precise & detailed plans for the study of a med or biomed problem" or "plans for a regimen of ther"; IM GEN only; do not use for cancer polychemother protocols ( = ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, COMBINED); DF: CLIN PROTOCOLS

MS = Precise and detailed plans for the study of a medical or biomedical problem and/or plans for a regimen of therapy.

UI = D002985

 

 

Clinical Trial [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; GEN only: prefer specific clin trial publication type; for clin trials as a subject, index under main heading CLINICAL TRIALS; coord also with any other epidemiol or statist method of design present; Manual 26.26+; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL & RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL are also available

MS = Pre-planned clinical study of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques in humans selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. While most clinical trials concern humans, this publication type may be used for clinical veterinary articles meeting the requisites for humans. Specific headings for specific types and phases of clinical trials are also available.

UI = D016430

 

 

Clinical Trials

AN = human & vet animals only; GEN or unspecified as to phase: index under specific phase (as CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE I) instead if pertinent; IM for articles & books about clin trials as a method in med research; do not confuse with Publication Type CLINICAL TRIAL; do not index also under PLACEBOS unless placebos are particularly discussed; Manual 26.26+; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS & RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS are also available; DF: CLIN TRIALS

MS = Pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.

UI = D002986

 

 

Clinical Trials, Phase I

AN = trial lasts about a year; for U.S. & foreign studies; for I/II clin trials, index under CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE I + CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II; IM for articles & books about phase I clin trials as a method in med research; do not confuse with Publication Type CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE I; DF: CLIN TRIALS PHASE I

MS = Studies performed to evaluate the safety of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques in healthy subjects and to determine the safe dosage range (if appropriate). These tests also are used to determine pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties (toxicity, metabolism, absorption, elimination, and preferred route of administration). They involve a small number of persons and usually last about 1 year. This concept includes phase I studies conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.

UI = D017321

 

 

Clinical Trial, Phase I [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for trials on a small control group studied for about a year; for phase I clin trials as a subject, index under main heading CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE I; Manual 26.26.2+

MS = A pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical study of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques based on a small number of healthy persons and conducted over the period of about a year in either the United States or a foreign country.

UI = D017426

 

 

Clinical Trials, Phase II

AN = trial lasts about 2 years; for U.S. & foreign studies; for I/II clin trials, index under CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE I + CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II, for II/III clin trials, index under CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II + CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE III; IM for articles & books about phase II clin trials as a method in med research; do not confuse with Publication Type CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE II; DF: CLIN TRIALS PHASE II

MS = Studies that are usually controlled to assess the effectiveness and dosage (if appropriate) of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques. These studies are performed on several hundred volunteers, including a limited number of patients with the target disease or disorder, and last about two years. This concept includes phase II studies conducted in both the U.S. and in other countries.

UI = D017322

 

 

Clinical Trial, Phase II [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for trials on several hundred volunteers studied for about 2 years; for phase II clin trials as a subject, index under main heading CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II; Manual 26.26.2+

MS = A pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical study of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques based on several hundred volunteers, including a limited number of patients, and conducted over a period of about two years in either the United States or a foreign country.

UI = D017427

 

 

Clinical Trials, Phase III

AN = trial lasts about 3 years; for U.S. & foreign studies; for II/III clin trials, index under CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II + CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE III; IM for articles & books about phase III clin trials as a method in med research; do not confuse with Publication Type CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE III; DF: CLIN TRIALS PAHSE III

MS = Comparative studies to verify the effectiveness of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques determined in phase II studies. During these trials, patients are monitored closely by physicians to identify any adverse reactions from long-term use. These studies are performed on groups of patients large enough to identify clinically significant responses and usually last about three years. This concept includes phase III studies conducted in both the U.S. and in other countries.

UI = D017326

 

 

Clinical Trial, Phase III [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for trials on large groups of patients closely monitored by physicians for adv eff for about 3 years; for phase III clin trials as a subject, index under main heading CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE III; Manual 26.26.2+

MS = A pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical study of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques after phase II trials. A large enough group of patients is studied and closely monitored by physicians for adverse response to long-term exposure, over a period of about three years in either the United States or a foreign country.

UI = D017428

 

 

Clinical Trials, Phase IV

AN = trial approves for sale; for U.S. & foreign studies; IM for articles & books about phase IV clin trials as a method in med research; do not confuse with Publication Type CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE IV; DF: CLIN TRIALS PHASE IV

MS = Planned post-marketing studies of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques that have been approved for general sale. These studies are often conducted to obtain additional data about the safety and efficacy of a product. This concept includes phase IV studies conducted in both the U.S. and in other countries.

UI = D017327

 

 

Clinical Trial, Phase IV [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for post-marketing studies; for phase IV clin trials as a subject, index under main heading CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE IV; Manual 26.26.2+

MS = Planned post-marketing studies of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques that have been approved for general sale after clinical trials, phases I, II, and III. These studies, conducted in the United States or a foreign country, often garner additional data about the safety and efficacy of a product.

UI = D017429

 

Clioquinol

AN = an amebicide & local anti-infective

MS = A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.

UI = D007464

 

 

Clitoris

UI = D002987

 

 

Cloaca

AN = human & animal

MS = The common chamber into which the intestinal, urinary and genital tracts discharge in birds, reptiles, amphibians and many fishes; also a phylogenetically related embryonic structure in mammals.

UI = D002988

 

 

Cloacin

AN = a bacteriocin

MS = A bacteriocin produced by a plasmid that can occur in several bacterial strains. It is a basic protein of molecular weight 56,000 and exists in a complex with its immunity protein which protects the host bacterium from its effects.

UI = D002989

 

 

Clobetasol

AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent

MS = Topical corticosteroid that is absorbed faster than FLUOCINONIDE. It is used in psoriasis, but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.

UI = D002990

 

 

Clodronic Acid

AN = inhibits calcium metab

MS = (Dichloromethylene)bisphosphonic acid. A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It is an effective inhibitor of bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.

UI = D004002

 

 

Clofazimine

AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm antileprotic

MS = A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythrema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619)

UI = D002991

 

 

Clofenapate

AN = an antilipemic

MS = An oral hypolipemic agent in dogs and rats.

UI = D002992

 

 

Clofibrate

MS = A fibric acid derivative used in the treatment of type III hyperlipoproteinemia and severe hypertriglyceridemias. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p986)

UI = D002994

 

 

Clofibric Acid

AN = an anticholesteremic

MS = An antilipemic agent and the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.

UI = D002995

 

 

Clomiphene

AN = a female fertility agent

MS = A stilbene derivative structurally related to CHLOROTRIANISENE and used in the treatment of anovulatory infertility. It is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and stimulates the secretion of pituitary gonadotropic hormones.

UI = D002996

 

 

Clomipramine

AN = an antidepressant

MS = A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.

UI = D002997

 

 

Clonal Anergy

AN = a form of immune tolerance

MS = Functional inactivation of T- or B-lymphocytes rendering them incapable of eliciting an immune response to antigen. This occurs through different mechanisms in the two kinds of lymphocytes and can contribute to SELF TOLERANCE.

UI = D017635

 

 

Clonal Deletion

AN = a form of immune tolerance

MS = Removal, via CELL DEATH, of immature lymphocytes that interact with antigens during maturation. For T-lymphocytes this occurs in the thymus and ensures that mature T-lymphocytes are self tolerant. B-lymphocytes may also undergo clonal deletion.

UI = D017637

 

 

Clonazepam

AN = an anticonvulsant

MS = An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GABA receptor responses.

UI = D002998

 

 

Clone Cells

AN = NIM; A 11 qualif; cells derived by natural asexual reprod or by nuclear cloning; differentiate from CLONING, MOLECULAR and CLONING, ORGANISM; "clonal analysis" goes here

MS = A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

UI = D002999

 

 

Clonidine

AN = an antihypertensive & alpha-2 adrenergic agonist

MS = An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Clonidine's central actions reduce sympathetic tone, resulting in a fall in diastolic and systolic blood pressure and a reduction in heart rate. It also acts peripherally, and this peripheral activity may be responsible for the transient increase in blood pressure seen during rapid intravenous administration. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p350)

UI = D003000

 

 

Cloning, Molecular

AN = differentiate from CLONE CELLS and CLONING, ORGANISM; "clonal analysis": index under CLONE CELLS; DF: CLONING MOL or MOL CLONING

MS = The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

UI = D003001

 

 

Cloning, Organism

AN = check tags HUMAN or ANIMAL; differentiate from CLONING, MOLECULAR and CLONE CELLS; DF: CLONING

MS = The formation of one or more genetically identical organisms derived by vegetative reproduction from a single cell. The source nuclear material can be embryo-derived, fetus-derived, or taken from an adult somatic cell.

UI = D019976

 

Clonixin

AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent

MS = Anti-inflammatory analgesic.

UI = D003002

 

 

Clonorchiasis

AN = trematode infect caused by CLONORCHIS SINENSIS; OPISTHORCHIS SINENSIS infection = CLONORCHIASIS, not OPISTHORCHIASIS which is Opisthorchis infect by Opisthorchis species other than O. sinensis

MS = Infection of the biliary passages with CLONORCHIS SINENSIS, also called Opisthorchis sinensis. It may lead to inflammation of the biliary tract, proliferation of biliary epithelium, progressive portal fibrosis, and sometimes bile duct carcinoma. Extension to the liver may lead to fatty changes and cirrhosis. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003003

 

 

Clonorchis sinensis

AN = infection = CLONORCHIASIS; note X ref: OPISTHORCHIS SINENSIS infection = CLONORCHIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

MS = A species of trematode flukes of the family Opisthorchidae. Many authorities consider this genus belonging to Opisthorchis. It is common in China and other Asiatic countries. Snails and fish are the intermediate hosts.

UI = D003004

 

 

Clopamide

AN = a diuretic

MS = A diuretic with properties similar to those of the thiazide diuretics even though it does not contain a thiazide ring system. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p813)

UI = D003005

 

 

Clopenthixol

AN = an antipsychotic agent

MS = A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.

UI = D003006

 

 

Clopidol

AN = a coccidiostat

MS = A very effective anticoccidial agent used in poultry.

UI = D003007

 

 

Cloprostenol

AN = a synthetic prostaglandin F

MS = 7-(2-beta-(4-(3-chlorophenoxy)-3-hydroxy-1-butenyl)-3,5-dihydroxycyclopentyl)-5-heptenoic acid. A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.

UI = D003008

 

 

Clorazepate Dipotassium

AN = an anti-anxiety agent & anticonvulsant

MS = A water-soluble benzodiazepine derivative effective in the treatment of anxiety. It has also muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant actions.

UI = D003009

 

 

Clorgyline

AN = an MAO inhib & antidepressant

MS = An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.

UI = D003010

 

 

Closing Volume

AN = NIM

MS = The lung volume at which the dependent lung zones cease to ventilate presumably as a result of airway closure.

UI = D003011

 

 

Closterovirus

AN = a group of plant viruses; Greek kloster, thread, refers to its very long rods; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

MS = A group of plant viruses with highly flexuous filaments; some members are important pathogens of crop plants. Some are transmitted by aphids in a semi-persistent manner.

UI = D017790

 

 

Clostridium

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection = CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS or its specifics

MS = A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family BACILLACEAE. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.

UI = D003013

 

 

Clostridium difficile

AN = infection = probably ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS

MS = A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. It produces a toxin that causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis (ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS) in patients receiving antibiotic therapy.

UI = D016360

 

 

Clostridium botulinum

AN = infection = BOTULISM

MS = The etiologic agent of BOTULISM in man, wild ducks, and other waterfowl. It is also responsible for certain forms of forage poisoning in horses and cattle. The bacterium produces a powerful exotoxin that is resistant to proteolytic digestion.

UI = D003014

 

 

Clostridium Infections

AN = gram-pos bact infect; GEN: prefer specifics

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM.

UI = D003015

 

 

Clostridium perfringens

AN = infection = GAS GANGRENE if in text; otherwise coord IM with CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = The most common etiologic agent of GAS GANGRENE. It is differentiable into several distinct types based on the distribution of twelve different toxins.

UI = D003016

 

 

Clostridium tetani

AN = infection = TETANUS

MS = The cause of TETANUS in humans and domestic animals. It is a common inhabitant of human and horse intestines as well as soil. Two components make up its potent exotoxin activity, a neurotoxin and a hemolytic toxin.

UI = D003017

 

 

Clot Retraction

AN = no qualif

MS = Retraction of a clot resulting from contraction of platelet pseudopods attached to fibrin strands that is dependent on the contractile protein thrombosthenin. Used as a measure of platelet function.

UI = D003018

 

 

Clothing

UI = D003020

 

 

Clotrimazole

MS = An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal cell membranes. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane.

UI = D003022

 

 

Cloxacillin

AN = a penicillin

MS = A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.

UI = D003023

 

 

Clozapine

MS = A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.

UI = D003024

 

 

Clubfoot

AN = X ref EQUINOVARUS: do not confuse with EQUINUS DEFORMITY; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = A deformed foot in which the foot is plantarflexed, inverted and adducted.

UI = D003025

 

 

Clupeine

UI = D003026

 

 

Cluster Analysis

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif

MS = A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

UI = D016000

 

 

Cluster Headache

AN = cluster refers to occurrence in "groups separated by long remissions"

MS = Vascular headache, predominantly unilateral, usually associated with flushing, sweating, rhinorrhea and increased lacrimation; brief in duration and usually occurring in close-packed groups separated by long remissions.

UI = D003027

 

 

CME-Carbodiimide

MS = 4-(2-((Cyclohexylimidocarbonyl)amino)ethyl)-4-methyl-morpholinium p-toluenesulfonate.

UI = D003028

 

 

Coagulants

AN = consider also BLOOD COAGULATION /drug eff

MS = Exogenous substances used to promote blood coagulation. The endogenous BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS are considered to be coagulants only when administered as drugs.

UI = D003029

 

 

Coagulase

AN = produced by Staph & Yersinia pestis

MS = Any bacterial component or product which causes coagulation in plasma containing an anticoagulant such as citrate, heparin or oxalate. Coagulases are produced by certain staphylococci and by Yersinia pestis. Staphylococci produce two types of coagulase: Staphylocoagulase, a free coagulase that produces true clotting of plasma, and Staphylococcal clumping factor, a bound coagulase in the cell wall that induces clumping of cells in the presence of fibrinogen. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)

UI = D003030

 

 

Coagulation Protein Disorders

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with coag factor (IM)

MS = Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders resulting from abnormalities or deficiencies of coagulation proteins.

UI = D020147

 

 

Coal

AN = /adv eff permitted but do not use for COAL MINING + PNEUMOCONIOSIS or ANTHRACOSILICOSIS unless particularly discussed as coal

MS = A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions.

UI = D003031

 

 

Coal Mining

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; consider also PNEUMOCONIOSIS but particularly SILICOSIS & ANTHRACOSILICOSIS

UI = D003032

 

 

Coal Tar

AN = a keratolytic agent; D25-26 qualif

MS = A by-product of the destructive distillation of coal used as a topical antieczematic. It is an antipruritic and keratoplastic agent used also in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin conditions. Occupational exposure to soots, tars, and certain mineral oils is known to be carcinogenic according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985) (Merck Index, 11th ed).

UI = D003033

 

 

Coated Materials, Biocompatible

AN = coord with specific coating material

MS = Biocompatible materials usually used in dental and bone implants that enhance biologic fixation, thereby increasing the bond strength between the coated material and bone, and minimize possible biological effects that may result from the implant itself.

UI = D020099

 

 

Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; DF: COATED PITS

MS = Specialized regions of the cell membrane composed of pits coated with a bristle covering made of the protein CLATHRIN. These pits are the entry route for macromolecules bound by cell surface receptors. The pits are then internalized into the cytoplasm to form the COATED VESICLES.

UI = D003034

 

 

Coated Vesicles

AN = an organelle; A 11 qualif except /cytol

MS = Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits (COATED PITS, CELL-MEMBRANE) invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles is covered with a lattice-like network of the protein CLATHRIN. Shortly after formation, however, the clathrin coat is removed and the vesicles are referred to as ENDOSOMES.

UI = D018699

 

 

Cobalt

AN = a trace element; Co-59; /defic /physiol permitted

MS = A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.

UI = D003035

 

 

Cobalt Isotopes

AN = Co-59; NIM; no qualif

MS = Stable cobalt atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cobalt, but differ in atomic weight. Co-59 is a stable cobalt isotope.

UI = D003036

 

 

Cobalt Radioisotopes

AN = Co-54-64 except Co-59; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use); often discussed with RADIOISOTOPE TELETHERAPY (IM)

MS = Unstable isotopes of cobalt that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Co atoms with atomic weights of 54-64, except 59, are radioactive cobalt isotopes.

UI = D003037

 

 

Cobamides

AN = coenzymes & B12 vitamins

UI = D003038

 

Cobra

AN = a genus of poisonous snakes

MS = A genus of poisonous snakes of the subfamily Elapinae of the family ELAPIDAE. There are six recognized species, all inhabiting Africa except the Asiatic (Indian) cobra, Naja naja. Some species "spit" their venom into the eyes of their "enemies". So-called spitting cobras show a high degree of accuracy in aiming for the eyes. The ringhals, the most highly specialized of the spitting cobras, is limited to southern Africa. Its spray destroys eye tissue and can cause blindness; its bite can cause death. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p80)

UI = D017842

 

 

Cobra Neurotoxins

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS

MS = Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms.

UI = D003039

 

 

Cobra Venoms

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted

MS = Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.

UI = D003040

 

 

Coca

AN = do not confuse with cocoa see CACAO

MS = Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield COCAINE; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation.

UI = D003041

 

 

Cocaine

AN = cocaine derivatives = COCAINE /analogs; CRACK COCAINE is available; cocaine addiction = COCAINE-RELATED DISORDERS

MS = An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.

UI = D003042

 

 

Cocaine-Related Disorders

MS = Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.

UI = D019970

 

Cocarcinogenesis

AN = "combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer": nothing to do with NEOPLASMS, MULTIPLE PRIMARY; IM; no qualif; Manual 24.4.1.14

MS = The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.

UI = D003043

 

 

Coccidia

AN = infection = COCCIDIOSIS; /drug eff: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS; "coccidial" refers to COCCIDIA: do not confuse with "coccidioidal" (refers to COCCIDIOIDES, a fungus); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

MS = A subclass of protozoans commonly parasitic in the epithelial cells of the intestinal tract but also found in the liver and other organs. Its organisms are found in both vertebrates and higher invertebrates and comprise three orders: Agamococcidiida, Protococcidiida, and EUCOCCIDIIDA.

UI = D003044

 

 

Coccidioides

AN = do not confuse with the sporozoon COCCIDIA; "coccidioidal" refers to COCCIDIOIDES: do not confuse with "coccidial" (refers to COCCIDIA); infection = COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

MS = A mitosporic fungal genus which causes COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS.

UI = D003045

 

 

Coccidioidin

MS = A sterile solution containing the by-products of growth products of Coccidioides immitis, injected intracutaneously as a test for coccidioidomycosis.

UI = D003046

 

 

Coccidioidomycosis

AN = fungus dis caused by COCCIDIOIDES, not COCCIDIA

MS = Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, species C. immitis. The primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection due to inhalation of spores and varying in severity. The secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003047

 

 

Coccidiosis

AN = sporozoan infect caused by COCCIDIA, not COCCIDIOIDES; /drug ther: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS

MS = Protozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different genera of COCCIDIA.

UI = D003048

 

 

Coccidiostats

AN = consider also COCCIDIA /drug eff & COCCIDIOSIS /drug ther (& not COCCIDIOIDES & COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS)

MS = Agents useful in the treatment or prevention of COCCIDIOSIS in man or animals.

UI = D003049

 

 

Coccyx

AN = a bone of the spine; do not confuse with COCCYGEAL REGION, merely locational; coord IM with specific disease (IM)

UI = D003050

 

 

Cochlea

AN = dis = COCHLEAR DISEASES

MS = The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule.

UI = D003051

 

 

Cochlear Aqueduct

AN = do not confuse with COCHLEAR DUCT

MS = A channel containing perilymph passing through the temporal bone, connecting the scala tympani of the cochlea to the subarachnoid space.

UI = D003052

 

 

Cochlear Diseases

MS = Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing.

UI = D015834

 

 

Cochlear Duct

AN = do not confuse with COCHLEAR AQUEDUCT

MS = Spiral tube in the bony canal of the cochlea, lying on its outer wall between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani.

UI = D003053

 

 

Cochlear Implantation

MS = Surgical insertion of an electronic device implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness.

UI = D019929

 

 

Cochlear Implants

AN = subcutaneous electronic implants: do not confuse with French "protháese auditive" translated as "hearing aid" & indexed under HEARING AIDS

MS = Electronic devices implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness.

UI = D003054

 

 

Cochlear Microphonic Potentials

MS = The electric response of the cochlear hair cells to acoustic stimulation.

UI = D003055

 

 

Cochlear Nerve

AN = cochlear portion of acoustic (8th cranial) nerve; dis = COCHLEAR NERVE (IM) + ACOUSTIC NERVE DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = The cochlear part of the acoustic (8th cranial) nerve. The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei of the brain stem. They mediate the sense of hearing.

UI = D003056

 

 

Cochlear Nucleus

AN = located in the pons

MS = The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex.

UI = D017626

 

 

Cockayne Syndrome

AN = a form of dwarfism & premature senility; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = An inherited disorder characterized by disproportionate dwarfism and premature senility, often accompanied by mental deficiency, photosensitivity, retinal degeneration, optic atrophy, cataracts, and partial deafness.

UI = D003057

 

 

Cockroaches

AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

MS = Insects of the order Dictyoptera comprising several families including Blaberidae, BLATTELLIDAE, Blattidae (containing the American cockroach PERIPLANETA americana), Cryptocercidae, and Polyphagidae.

UI = D003058

 

 

Coconut

AN = as plant & food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = A tropical palm tree, Cocos nucifera, that yields large, edible hard-shelled fruit from which oil and fiber are also obtained.

UI = D003059

 

 

Coculture

AN = culture of normal cells or tissue with infected cells or tissue of same kind; includes culture with other normal cells or tissue; NIM; specify cell or tissue & infecting organism if relevant, probably NIM

MS = The culturing of normal cells or tissues with infected or latently infected cells or tissues of the same kind (From Dorland, 28th ed, entry for cocultivation). It also includes culturing of normal cells or tissues with other normal cells or tissues.

UI = D018920

 

 

Cod Liver Oil

AN = a source of vitamins A & D

MS = The partially destearinated fixed oil obtained from fresh livers of Gadus morrhua and other species of Gadidae, the cod family. It is used as a source of vitamins A and D. In veterinary medicine, it is also used topically to promote wound healing and in abscesses, burns, and dermatoses. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003060

 

 

Codeine

AN = an opioid analgesic & antitussive; codeine derivatives = CODEINE /analogs

MS = An opioid analgesic related to MORPHINE but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough.

UI = D003061

 

 

Codependency (Psychology)

AN = "dependency" is not restricted to substance dependence: can apply to family or workplace; DF: CODEPENDENCY

MS = A relational pattern in which a person attempts to derive a sense of purpose through relationships with others.

UI = D017004

 

 

Codon

AN = in messenger RNA; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A set of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA that codes for a specific amino acid. The term is also used for the corresponding (and complementary) sequences of three nucleotides in messenger RNA into which the original DNA sequence is transcribed.

UI = D003062

 

 

Codon, Initiator

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Any codon that directs initiation of genetic translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) by stimulating the binding of initiator tRNA. In prokaryotes, the codons AUG or GUG can act as initiators while in eukaryotes, AUG is the only initiator codon.

UI = D018387

 

Codon, Terminator

AN = "signals the termination of genet transl"; IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = Any codon that signals the termination of genetic translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) by triggering the hydrolysis of the aminoacyl bond connecting the completed polypeptide to the tRNA. Terminator codons (UAA, UAG, and UGA) do not specify amino acids.

UI = D018388

 

 

Codon, Nonsense

AN = nonsense refers to its not being assigned to an amino acid or any stop signal; IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

MS = A codon that is not assigned to an amino acid or to any stop signal. It was originally thought that nonsense codons were synonymous with terminator codons (CODON, TERMINATOR) in that they signaled termination of a protein chain. Recent studies have found this not to be true.

UI = D018389

 

 

Coenzyme A-Transferases

MS = Enzymes which transfer coenzyme A moieties from acyl- or acetyl-CoA to various carboxylic acceptors forming a thiol ester. Enzymes in this group are instrumental in ketone body metabolism and utilization of acetoacetate in mitochondria. EC 2.8.3.

UI = D015256

 

 

Cognitive Science

AN = a branch of psychol; SPEC; SPEC qualif

MS = The study of the precise nature of different mental tasks and the operations of the brain that enable them to be performed, engaging branches of psychology, computer science, philosophy, and linguistics. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D019336

 

 

Cognitive Symptoms

MS = Symptoms related to those mental processes involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information.

UI = D019954

 

 

Cognitive Therapy

AN = a psychother technique; DF: COGNITIVE THER

MS = A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior.

UI = D015928

 

 

Cohort Effect

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

MS = Variation in health status arising from different causal factors to which each birth cohort in a population is exposed as environment and society change.

UI = D015988

 

 

Cohort Studies

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

MS = Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

UI = D015331

 

 

Colitis, Ischemic

MS = Acute vascular insufficiency of the colon usually involving the portion supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery. The symptoms include pain at the iliac fossa, bloody diarrhea, low-grade fever, abdominal distention, and abdominal tenderness. The classic radiologic sign is thumbprinting due to localized elevation of the mucosa by submucosal hemorrhage or edema. Ulceration may follow. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D017091

 

 

Collagenases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the degradation of collagen by acting on the peptide bonds. EC 3.4.24.-.

UI = D017364

 

 

Collagenase, Microbial (see Microbial Collagenase)

 

 

Collateral Ligaments

AN = artic ligaments of extremities; coord IM with specific joint or bone (IM)

MS = A number of ligaments on either side of, and serving as a radius of movement of, a joint having a hingelike movement. They occur at the elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints of the hands and feet. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D017885

 

 

Collected Correspondence [Publication Type]

MS = Collected letters by or about a person or on a subject.

UI = D020505

 

 

Collected Works [Publication Type]

MS = Collections of previously published works.

UI = D020470

 

Collections [Publication Type]

MS = Collections of objects.

UI = D020471

 

 

Colletotrichum

MS = A genus of mitosporic Phyllachoraceae fungi which contains at least 40 species of plant parasites. They have teleomorphs in the genus Glomerella (see PHYLLACHORALES).

UI = D020231

 

 

Colobinae

AN = a subfamily of Old World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A subfamily of the Old World monkeys, CERCOPITHECIDAE, that inhabits the forests of Africa and Asia. The genera COLOBUS (Procolobus; colobus), Nasalis (proboscis monkey), Presbytis (Semnopithecus; leaf monkey), Pygathrix (Rhinopithecus; snub-nosed monkey), and Simias (pig-tailed langur) all belong to this subfamily.

UI = D016673

 

 

Colonialism

AN = IM; specify geog & hist period CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = The aggregate of various economic, political, and social policies by which an imperial power maintains or extends its control over other areas or peoples. It includes the practice of or belief in acquiring and retaining colonies. The emphasis is less on its identity as an ideological political system than on its designation in a period of history. (Webster, 3d ed; from Dr. J. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)

UI = D018595

 

 

Colony Count, Microbial

AN = coord NIM with organism /growth or /isol (IM) as appropriate

MS = Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal cells or spores capable of growth on solid culture media. Each colony (i.e., microbial colony-forming unit) represents the progeny of a single cell in the original inoculum. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in air, food, and water; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimocrobial drug testing.

UI = D015169

 

 

Colony-Stimulating Factors, Recombinant

AN = colony-stimulating factors "prepared by recombinant DNA technol"; /drug eff permitted; DF: note short X ref

MS = COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

UI = D019374

 

 

Color Therapy

AN = treatment of dis with color; coord IM with disease /ther (IM)

MS = A form of phototherapy using color to influence health and to treat various physical or mental disorders. The color rays may be in the visible or invisible spectrum and can be administered through colored lights or applied mentally through suggestion.

UI = D016500

 

 

Colorectal Neoplasms

AN = a clinical entity: not a synonym for COLONIC NEOPLASMS + RECTAL NEOPLASMS; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); GENES, DCC (for "Deleted in Colorectal Cancer") & GENES, MCC (for "Mutated in Colorectal Cancer") are available: see MeSH scope notes and annotations there

MS = Cancer of the colon and rectum. The most frequent malignant tumor in the United States. Etiological factors which increase the risk of colorectal cancer include chronic ulcerative colitis, familial polyposis of the colon, exposure to asbestos, irradiation of the cervix.

UI = D015179

 

 

Coltivirus

AN = a genus of the family Reoviridae; from COLorado TIck fever; infection: coord IM with REOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A genus of REOVIRIDAE infecting Ixodidae ticks and transmitted by them to humans, deer, and small animals. The type species is COLORADO TICK FEVER VIRUS.

UI = D018162

 

 

Colubridae

AN = the largest family of snakes; its venom: coord IM with SNAKE VENOMS (IM)

MS = The largest family of snakes, comprising five subfamilies: Colubrinae, Natricinae, Homalopsinae, Lycodontinae, and Xenodontinae. They show a great diversity of eating habits, some eating almost anything, others having a specialized diet. They can be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous. The majority of North American snakes are colubrines. Among the colubrids are king snakes, water moccasins, water snakes, and garter snakes. Some genera are poisonous. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, pp321-29)

UI = D017812

 

 

Columbia SK Virus

AN = a strain of encephalomyocarditis virus; infection: coord IM with CARDIOVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

MS = A strain of ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS, a species of CARDIOVIRUS, that infects rodents.

UI = D017944

 

 

Comment [Publication Type]

AN = publication type only; for critical or explanatory remarks on previously published articles; appears in titles within brackets & in translations within parentheses; Manual section 39; COMMENT may be designated as an additional publication type even when another is present, such as LETTER or EDITORIAL

MS = A critical or explanatory note written to discuss, support, or dispute an article or other presentation previously published. It may take the form of an article, letter, editorial, etc. It appears in publications under a variety of names: comment, commentary, editorial comment, viewpoint, etc.

UI = D016420

 

 

Common Variable Immunodeficiency

AN = an immunodefic syndrome with hypogammaglobulinemia

MS = Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections.

UI = D017074

 

 

Commonwealth of Independent States

AN = each independent state is available; consider also RUSSIA (PRE-1917) & USSR for historical material; DF: note short X ref CATALOG: use NAF entry

UI = D017517

 

 

Community-Acquired Infections

AN = contrasted with hospital- or other health facil-acquired ( = CROSS INFECTION); IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific community-acquired infect (IM), if discussed

MS = Any infection acquired in the community, that is, contrasted with those acquired in a health care facility (CROSS INFECTION). An infection would be classified as community-acquired if the patient had not recently been in a health care facility or been in contact with someone who had been recently in a health care facility.

UI = D017714

 

 

Community Health Planning

AN = specify geog CATALOG: geog /form

MS = Planning that has the goals of improving health, improving accessibility to health services, and promoting efficiency in the provision of services and resources on a comprehensive basis for a whole community. (From Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988, p299)

UI = D018672

 

 

Community Networks

AN = IM

MS = Organizations and individuals cooperating together toward a common goal at the local or grassroots level.

UI = D019058

 

 

Comorbidity

AN = "presence of co-existing or additional diseases" in epidemiol studies: do not confuse with /compl; IM GEN only; coord NIM with both diseases /epidemiol (IM), not /compl; specify geog if pertinent

MS = The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.

UI = D015897

 

 

Comoros

AN = a group of Indian Ocean Islands between Mozambique & Madagascar

MS = A group of Indian Ocean Islands, the islands of Great Comoro, Anjouan, Mayotte, and Moheli, lying between northeast Mozambique and northwest Madagascar. The capital is Moroni. In 1914 they became a colony attached to Madagascar administratively and were made a French overseas territory in 1947. Except for Mayotte which remained French, Comoros became an independent republic in 1975. Comoros represents the Arabic qamar, moon, said by some scholars to be linked with the mystical Mountains of the Moon said to be somewhere in equatorial Africa. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p283 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p122)

UI = D017507

 

 

Comoviridae

AN = a family of plant viruses

MS = A family of non-enveloped RNA plant viruses, transmitted by biological vectors and experimentally by mechanical inoculation. There are three genera: COMOVIRUS, FABAVIRUS, and NEPOVIRUS.

UI = D019180

 

 

Comovirus

AN = a genus of mosaic viruses; from COwpea MOsaic virus; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

MS = A genus of plant viruses of the family COMOVIRIDAE in which the bipartite genome is encapsidated in separate icosahedral particles. Mosaic and mottle symptoms are characteristic, and transmission is exclusively by leaf-feeding beetles. Cowpea mosaic virus is the type species.

UI = D017798

 

 

Compact Disks

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Computer disks storing data with a maximum reduction of space and bandwidth. The compact size reduces cost of transmission and storage.

UI = D016250

 

 

Competitive Medical Plans

AN = DF: COMPETITIVE MED PLANS CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Alternative health care delivery mechanisms, such as PREFERRED PROVIDER ORGANIZATIONS or other health insurance services or prepaid plans (other than HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS), that meet Medicare qualifications for a risk-sharing contract. (From Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988)

UI = D016536

 

Complement 1q

AN = DF: C 1q

MS = Subcomponent of complement 1 (C1) which recognizes and binds to the heavy chain of IgG or IgM initiating the classical complement pathway. The interaction of C1q and immunoglobulin activates C1r and C1s. The activated C1r and C1s molecules are cleaved off the complex by C1-inhibitor, allowing the collagen-like region of C1q to become accessible for interaction with cell membrane C1q receptors.

UI = D015922

 

 

Complement 1r

AN = DF: C 1r

MS = Subcomponent of complement 1 which, when activated by C1q, activates subcomponent C1s by proteolytic cleavage.

UI = D015923

 

 

Complement 3a

AN = DF: C 3a

MS = Smaller fragment formed when C3 convertase splits C3 into C3a and C3b. C3a is a 77-amino acid peptide that includes a carboxy-terminal arginine which is crucial for its biological activities. C3a causes symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis) including smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, and local inflammation. It is considered an anaphylatoxin along with C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine.

UI = D015926

 

 

Complement 3c

AN = DF: C 3C

MS = An inactivated form of COMPLEMENT 3B (C3b). Complement 3b is inactivated with the help of two regulatory factors, COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and COMPLEMENT FACTOR I. COMPLEMENT FACTOR H (C3b inactivator accelerator) makes C3b susceptible to the serine protease, COMPLEMENT FACTOR I (formerly called KAF, C3bINF, or enzyme 3b inactivator), to form iC3b. Then COMPLEMENT FACTOR I and a trypsin-like proteolytic enzyme further cleave iC3b into C3c and C3dg.

UI = D015932

 

 

Complement 3d

AN = DF: C 3d

MS = An inactivated fragment of complement 3b (C3b). Factor H makes C3b susceptible to factor I (formerly called KAF, C3bINF, or enzyme 3b inactivator) to form iC3b. Then factor I and a trypsin-like proteolytic enzyme further cleave iC3b into C3c and C3dg. Serum proteases degrade C3dg into complement 3d (C3d) and C3g.

UI = D015933

 

 

Complement 4a

AN = DF: C 4a

MS = Smaller fragment formed when C1s splits C4 into C4a and C4b. As an anaphylatoxin, C4a causes symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity but it has weaker activity than C3a or C5a.

UI = D015934

 

 

Complement 4b

AN = DF: C 4b

MS = Larger fragment formed when C1s splits C4 into C4a and C4b. C4b combines with C2b to form the activated C4b2b complex which is often called the classical pathway C3 convertase.

UI = D015935

 

 

Complement 5a

AN = DF: C 5a

MS = Smaller fragment formed when C5 convertase splits C5 into C5a and C5b. C5a is a 74-amino acid peptide that includes a carboxy-terminal arginine crucial for its spasmogenic activity and a carbohydrate moiety. C5a is the most potent anaphylatoxin mediating immediate hypersensitivity.

UI = D015936

 

 

Complement 5a, des-Arginine

AN = DF: C 5a DES ARG

MS = Complement 5a with the carboxy-terminal arginine removed. The arginine is rapidly cleaved from the C5a fragment during complement activation by carboxypeptidase B present in normal human serum. C5a des-Arg shows complete loss of spasmogenic activity though it retains some chemotactic ability.

UI = D015937

 

 

Complement Factor B

MS = A glycine-rich, heat-labile beta-glycoprotein found in blood. It is a proactivator of complement 3 in the alternate pathway of complement activation. Factor B is converted by Factor D to COMPLEMENT 3 CONVERTASE. EC 3.4.21.47.

UI = D011415

 

 

Complement Factor D

MS = A serum protein which during the alternate pathway of complement activation converts the inactive factor B to COMPLEMENT 3 CONVERTASE. EC 3.4.21.46.

UI = D011416

 

 

Complement Factor H

AN = DF: note short X ref

MS = A beta-globulin that binds to complement 3b and makes iC3b (inactivated complement 3b) susceptible to cleavage by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I. Complement factor H also acts as an alternative pathway complement inhibitor by interfering with the binding of properdin factor B to C3b.

UI = D017242

 

Complement Factor I

AN = do not confuse with FACTOR I see FIBRINOGEN

MS = Serine proteinase that acts on iC3b (inactivated complement 3b) to cleave it into C3c and C3dg with the help of a trypsin-like proteolytic enzyme. Complement factor I was formerly called KAF, C3bINF, or enzyme 3b inactivator. EC 3.4.21.45.

UI = D017244

 

 

Coenzyme A

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D003065

 

 

Coenzyme A Ligases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the formation of acyl-CoA derivatives. EC 6.2.1.

UI = D003066

 

 

Coenzymes

MS = Organic nonprotein molecules, frequently phosphorylated derivatives of water-soluble vitamins, that bind with the protein molecule (APOENZYMES) to form the active enzyme (HOLOENZYMES). They are catalysts for the activation of enzymes. (Dorland, 28th ed; Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D003067

 

 

Coercion

AN = no qualif

MS = The process of compelling a person to act, or refrain from acting, contrary to his free choice often by use of threat of physical or moral force.

UI = D003068

 

 

Coffee

AN = as plant & beverage; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

MS = Rubiaceous trees or shrubs, Coffea arabica and C. robusta, that yield CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE. Ground beans or seeds are infused with water to make beverage.

UI = D003069

 

 

Coformycin

AN = an enzyme inhib & antineoplastic antibiotic

MS = A ribonucleoside antibiotic synergist and adenosine deaminase inhibitor isolated from Nocardia interforma and Streptomyces kaniharaensis. It is proposed as an antineoplastic synergist and immunosuppressant.

UI = D003070

 

 

Cognition

MS = Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge.

UI = D003071

 

Cognition Disorders

MS = Disturbances in the mental process related to thinking, reasoning, and judgment.

UI = D003072

 

 

Cognitive Dissonance

AN = no qualif

MS = Motivational state produced by inconsistencies between simultaneously held cognitions or between a cognition and behavior; e.g., smoking enjoyment and believing smoking is harmful are dissonant.

UI = D003073

 

 

Coin Lesion, Pulmonary

AN = if neopl, coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (NIM); if non-neopl, do not coord with LUNG DISEASES; DF: COIN LESION PULM

MS = Solitary, round, circumscribed shadows found in the lungs in x-ray examinations. Common causes are tuberculosis, neoplasms, cysts, or vascular anomalies. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D003074

 

 

Coitus

AN = human only: animal = COPULATION; restrict to dictionary definition: for anal or oral sex index under SEX BEHAVIOR

MS = Sexual intercourse.

UI = D003075

 

 

Coitus Interruptus

MS = A contraceptive method whereby coitus is purposely interrupted in order to prevent ejaculation of semen into the vagina.

UI = D003076

 

 

Coke

AN = a coal residue used as fuel

MS = A residue of coal, left after dry (destructive) distillation, used as a fuel.

UI = D003077

 

 

Colchicine

AN = an alkaloid from Colchicum used as gout suppressant

MS = A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (PERIODIC DISEASE).

UI = D003078

 

Colchicum

AN = = meadow saffron; plant only: one of its alkaloids is COLCHICINE

MS = A genus of poisonous, liliaceous plants. The roots (corms) of Colchicum autumnale, the fall crocus or meadow saffron, yield COLCHICINE, which is used as a biochemical tool and to treat gout. Other members of this genus yield saffron dye, flavoring agents, and aromatics.

UI = D003079

 

 

Cold

AN = cooling of organs during surg goes under HYPOTHERMIA, INDUCED

MS = An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.

UI = D003080

 

 

Cold Climate

AN = specify for Polar Region cold climate ARCTIC REGIONS or ANTARCTIC REGIONS if pertinent; specify other geog for cold climate if pertinent

UI = D003081

 

 

Colectomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Excision of a portion of the colon or of the whole colon. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003082

 

 

Coleoptera

AN = comprising BEETLES & weevils; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

MS = The largest order of insects, comprising the beetles and weevils.

UI = D003083

 

 

Colestipol

AN = an anticholesteremic

MS = Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels.

UI = D003084

 

 

Colic

AN = paroxysms of pain, usually abdom; coord IM with organ/diseases (IM), as renal colic = COLIC (IM) + KIDNEY DISEASES (IM), biliary colic = COLIC (IM) + BILIARY TRACT DISEASES or specific (IM)

MS = Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well.

UI = D003085

 

 

Colicin Factors

MS = Plasmids determining the potentiality of a bacterium to produce colicins. They are cytoplasmic elements whose integration into the bacterial chromosome has not been demonstrated except for the Col B and Col V factors.

UI = D003086

 

 

Colicins

AN = bacteriocins

MS = Bacteriocins elaborated by strains of Escherichia coli and related species. They are proteins or protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes lethal to other strains of the same species.

UI = D003087

 

 

Colinus

AN = IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with BIRD DISEASES (IM)

MS = A genus of birds (family Phasianidae) consisting of the bobwhites.

UI = D003088

 

 

Colipases

AN = a protein: not an enzyme despite -ase; /biosyn /physiol permitted

MS = Colipase I and II, consisting of 94-95 and 84-85 amino acid residues, respectively, have been isolated from porcine pancreas. Their role is to prevent the inhibitory effect of bile salts on the lipase-catalyzed intraduodenal hydrolysis of dietary long-chain triglycerides.

UI = D003089

 

 

Coliphages

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli.

UI = D003090

 

 

Colistin

AN = an antibiotic

MS = Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.

UI = D003091

 

 

Colitis

AN = inflamm of the colon; ENTEROCOLITIS (small & large intestinal inflamm) is also available

MS = Inflammation of the colon. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003092

 

 

Colitis, Ulcerative

AN = usually chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE; note X refs below: these terms are common in European literature: do not confuse with RECTOCOLITIS see PROCTOCOLITIS

MS = Inflammatory disease of unknown cause which involves the mucosa of the colon. Onset may be acute and fulminant, and its course often continues chronically in an intermittent or continuous form. Diarrhea is a common symptom and bleeding an almost constant concomitant symptom.

UI = D003093

 

 

Collagen

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; precursor = PROCOLLAGEN

MS = A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties.

UI = D003094

 

 

Collagen Diseases

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics CATALOG: form qualif permitted

MS = Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that "collagen" was equivalent to "connective tissue", but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term "collagen diseases" now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)

UI = D003095

 

 

Collapse Therapy

AN = a method of surg ther of tuberc; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis whereby the lung is totally or partially, temporarily or permanently, immobilized. The procedure was based on the popular concept that collapsing the affected portion of a tuberculous lung allowed the infected area to rest and thereby recover. At the beginning of the 20th century artificially induced pneumothorax (PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL) was popular. Later a variety of other techniques was used to encourage collapse of the infected portion of the lung: unilateral phrenic nerve division, PNEUMONOLYSIS, pneumoperitoneum (PNEUMOPERITONEUM, ARTIFICIAL), and THORACOPLASTY. Collapse therapy has declined since the advent of antitubercular chemotherapy. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Sabiston Jr, Textbook of Surgery, 14th ed, p1733-4)

UI = D003096

 

 

Collateral Circulation

AN = a naturally occurring physiol phenomenon: not for restoration of funct by surg; not restricted to coronary vessels; do not confuse with NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGIC: physiol neovasc is formation of new blood vessels in tissue, collat circ is circ through secondary channels after obstruct of a principal vessel supplying a part; DF: COLLATERAL CIRC

MS = Compensatory circulation carried on through secondary channels after obstruction of the principal vessel supplying the part. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003097

 

Collective Bargaining

MS = The process of negotiation between representatives of an employee organization, association or union, and representatives of the employer.

UI = D003098

 

 

College Admission Test

MS = Test designed to identify students suitable for admission into a graduate or undergraduate curriculum.

UI = D003099

 

 

Colles' Fracture

AN = a distal radius fracture

MS = Fracture of the lower end of the radius in which the lower fragment is displaced posteriorly.

UI = D003100

 

 

Collodion

AN = a pharmaceutic aid; D25-26 qualif

MS = A nitrocellulose solution in ether and alcohol. Collodion has a wide range of uses in industry including applications in the manufacuture of photographic film, in fibers, in lacquers, and in engraving and lithography. In medicine it is used as a drug solvent and a wound sealant.

UI = D003101

 

 

Colloids

AN = IM for general only; NIM with specific drug IM, no qualif

MS = Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other.

UI = D003102

 

 

Coloboma

AN = eye abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific site in eye /abnorm (IM) CATALOG: do not use /in inf

MS = Congenital anomaly in which some of the structures of the eye are absent due to incomplete fusion of the fetal intraocular fissure during gestation.

UI = D003103

 

 

Colobus

AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

MS = A genus of Old World monkeys, subfamily COLOBINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, that inhabits the forests of Africa. It consists of eight species: C. angolensis (Angolan colobus), C. badius or C. rufomitratus (Red or Bay colobus), C. guereza (Guereza or Eastern black-and-white colobus), C. kirkii (Kirk's colobus), C. polykomos (King colobus or Western black-and-white colobus), C. satanas (Black colobus), and C. verus (Olive colobus). Some authors recognize Procolobus as a separate genus and then the olive colobus is recognized as the species P. verus.

UI = D003104

 

 

Colombia

UI = D003105

 

 

Colon

AN = X ref TAENIA COLI: do not confuse with Taenia, a genus of tapeworm; inflammation = COLITIS; /surg: do not confuse with specialty COLORECTAL SURGERY & consider also COLECTOMY or COLOSTOMY CATALOG: form qualif permitted

UI = D003106

 

 

Colorectal Surgery

AN = GEN only: do not confuse with COLON /surg & RECTUM /surg; SPEC: SPEC qualif DF: COLORECTAL SURG

MS = A surgical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and abnormalities of the colon, rectum, and anal canal.

UI = D003107

 

 

Colonic Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = COLITIS CATALOG: form qualif permitted

UI = D003108

 

 

Colonic Diseases, Functional

UI = D003109

 

 

Colonic Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); note SIGMOID NEOPLASMS is available; familial: consider also ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI & COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS, HEREDITARY NONPOLYPOSIS

UI = D003110

 

 

Colonic Polyps

AN = neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D003111

 

 

Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction

AN = functional obstruct of colon

MS = Functional obstruction of the colon.

UI = D003112

 

 

Colonoscopy

AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Examination of the luminal surface of the colon with a colonoscope (endoscope). It is used to localize, identify, and photograph pathologic alterations, to obtain biopsy material, and to perform other surgical interventions.

UI = D003113

 

 

Colony-Forming Units Assay

AN = restricted to stem cells; do not use for microbial colony-forming units ( = COLONY COUNT, MICROBIAL); DF: CFU ASSAY

MS = A cytologic technique for measuring the functional capacity of stem cells by assaying their activity.

UI = D003114

 

 

Colony-Stimulating Factors

AN = /drug eff permitted; coord IM with colonized cell (IM or NIM) if pertinent

MS = Glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian plasma and urine. They stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow cells in agar cultures and the formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages. The factors include INTERLEUKIN-3 (IL-3), GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (G-CSF), MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (M-CSF), and GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (GM-CSF).

UI = D003115

 

 

Color

AN = NIM; when IM, /stand permitted; differentiate from PIGMENTATION in that PIGMENTATION is related to biological PIGMENTS

UI = D003116

 

 

Color Vision Defects

MS = Mild to severe impairment in the ability to discriminate or differentiate hues. This disorder may be acquired as a result of diseases of the cones or X chromosome-linked where there is an abnormality but not a complete absence of one of the cone pigments.

UI = D003117

 

 

Color Perception

MS = The visual awareness of any particular hue or achromatic color.

UI = D003118

 

 

Color Perception Tests

UI = D003119

 

 

Colorado

UI = D003120

 

Colorado Tick Fever

AN = caused by a tick-transm reovirus

MS = A febrile illness characterized by chills, aches, vomiting, leukopenia, and sometimes encephalitis. It is caused by the COLORADO TICK FEVER VIRUS, a reovirus transmitted by the tick Dermacentor andersoni.

UI = D003121

 

 

Colorado Tick Fever Virus

AN = a species of Reovirus; infection = COLORADO TICK FEVER

MS = A species of REOVIRUS transmitted by the tick Dermacentor andersonii and causing fever, chills, aching head and limbs, and often vomiting. It occurs in the northwestern United States, except the Pacific Coast.

UI = D003122

 

 

Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; DF: HNPCC

MS = A syndrome characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance, a low mean age (41 years) for occurrence of colon cancer, and a marked increase in the proportion of tumors in the proximal colon.

UI = D003123

 

 

Colorimetry

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM

MS = Any technique by which an unknown color is evaluated in terms of standard colors. The technique may be visual, photoelectric, or indirect by means of spectrophotometry. It is used in chemistry and physics. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D003124

 

 

Colostomy

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = The surgical creation of an opening between the colon and the surface of the body. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003125

 

 

Colostrum

AN = check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

MS = The thin, yellow, milky fluid secreted by the mammary gland before or after partuition. It contains up to 20 per cent protein, predominant among which are immunoglobulins, representing the antibodies found in maternal blood. It contains more minerals and less fat and carbohydrate than does milk. It also contains many colostrum corpuscles and usually will coagulate on boiling due to a large amount of lactalbumin. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003126

 

 

Colposcopy

AN = to examine cervix & vagina; NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

MS = Examination of the tissues of the cervix and vagina by means of the colposcope, an instrument inserted into the vagina, equipped with a magnifying lens. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003127

 

 

Coma

AN = includes "stupor"; HEPATIC COMA see HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY, DIABETIC COMA, INSULIN COMA & HYPERGLYCEMIC HYPEROSMOLAR NONKETOTIC COMA are also available

MS = A profound state of unconsciousness. It includes "stupor" from which the patient can be partially roused, as well as complete unconsciousness in which there is no response to sensory stimuli, even at the reflex level.

UI = D003128

 

 

Comb and Wattles

AN = DF: COMB

UI = D003129

 

 

Combat Disorders

AN = note category: do not confuse with war wounds ( = WOUNDS AND INJURIES or specific inj (IM) + WAR (IM or NIM) ); STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC is also available

MS = Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.

UI = D003130

 

 

Combined Modality Therapy

AN = almost never IM; coordinate disease term with specific ther qualif (IM) + specific ther (IM or NIM): TN 6; for combined ther of drugs DRUG COMBINATIONS or DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION is available, for combined anticancer ther ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, COMBINED is available; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT is also available; Manual 24.4.2.2+

MS = The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.

UI = D003131

 

 

Commerce

AN = includes business & trade; SPEC: SPEC qualif

MS = The interchange of goods or commodities, especially on a large scale, between different countries or between populations within the same country. It includes trade (the buying, selling, or exchanging of commodities, whether wholesale or retail) and business (the purchase and sale of goods to make a profit). (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, p411, p2005 & p283)

UI = D003132

 

 

Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities

AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: CPHA CATALOG: use NAF entry

MS = The non-profit, non-governmental organization which collects, processes, and distributes data on hospital use. Two programs of the Commission are the Professional Activity Study and the Medical Audit Program.

UI = D003133

 

 

Commitment of Mentally Ill

AN = do not coord with HOSPITALIZATION since this is inherent in the definition

MS = Legal process required for the institutionalization of a patient with severe mental problems.

UI = D003134

 

 

Common Bile Duct

AN = inflammation: coord IM with CHOLANGITIS (IM)

MS = The extrahepatic bile duct formed by the junction of the hepatic and cystic ducts. It is part of the excretory apparatus of the liver. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003135

 

 

Common Bile Duct Calculi

AN = chem composition of calculi: use /chem; /ultrastruct permitted

MS = The presence of gallstones in the common bile duct. It is usually the result of passage of gallstones formed in the gallbladder into the common duct. Less commonly, stones form in a duct behind an obstruction caused by a stricture or ampullary stenosis. Stone type helps to determine site of origin: cholesterol or black pigment stones more likely form in the gallbladder, while almost all brown pigment stones in patients from Western countries form in the bile ducts. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p812)

UI = D003136

 

 

Common Bile Duct Diseases

AN = inflamm dis: index as COMMON BILE DUCT (IM) + CHOLANGITIS (IM)

MS = Diseases of the common bile duct, Vater's ampulla, or Oddi's sphincter.

UI = D003137

 

 

Common Bile Duct Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

MS = Neoplasms of the common bile duct including Vater's ampulla and Oddi's sphincter.

UI = D003138

 

 

Common Cold

AN = often caused by a picornavirus

MS = A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral, a mixed infection, or an allergic reaction. It is marked by acute coryza, slight rise in temperature, chilly sensations, and general indisposition. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003139

 

Communicable Disease Control

AN = GEN only: prefer Cat C term with /prev; INFECTION CONTROL is available: see note there CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Programs of surveillance designed to prevent the transmission of disease by any means from person to person or from animal to man.

UI = D003140

 

 

Communicable Diseases

AN = /prev = COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL for GEN only; do not confuse X ref INFECTIOUS DISEASES with INFECTION: see note there

UI = D003141

 

 

Communication

AN = includes personal & technological communication; ANIMAL COMMUNICATION is also available

MS = The exchange or transmission of ideas, attitudes, or beliefs between individuals or groups.

UI = D003142

 

 

Communication Aids for Disabled

AN = read MeSH definition for list of aids

MS = Equipment that provides mentally or physically disabled persons, who cannot speak effectively, with a means of communication. The aids include display boards, typewriters, cathode ray tubes, computers, and speech synthesizers. The output of such aids includes written words, artificial speech, language signs, Morse code, and pictures.

UI = D003143

 

 

Communication Barriers

AN = language, cultural, sociol, etc., communication barriers; no qualif; coord IM with specific "barrier" if pertinent (IM) but if language is the barrier, note that MULTILINGUALISM is also available

MS = Those factors, such as language or sociocultural relationships, which interfere in the meaningful interpretation and transmission of ideas between individuals or groups.

UI = D003144

 

 

Communication Methods, Total

AN = no qualif; restrict to commun with hearing-impaired; coord with specific hearing disord /rehabil

MS = Utilization of all available receptive and expressive modes for the purpose of achieving communication with the hearing impaired, such as gestures, postures, facial expression, types of voice, formal speech and non-speech systems, and simultaneous communication.

UI = D003145

 

 

Communications Media

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

MS = The means of interchanging or transmitting and receiving information. Historically the media were written: books, journals, newspapers, and other publications; in the modern age the media include, in addition, radio, television, computers, and information networks.

UI = D003146

 

 

Communication Disorders

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics HEARING DISORDERS, LANGUAGE DISORDERS or SPEECH DISORDERS

MS = Disorders characterized by the individual's inability to comprehend or share ideas or feelings because of impairment of language, speech, or hearing.

UI = D003147

 

 

Communism

AN = specify geog if pertinent CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A totalitarian system of government in which a single authoritarian party controls state-owned means of production with the professed aim of establishing a classless society.

UI = D003148

 

 

Community Dentistry

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: COMMUNITY DENT

MS = The practice of dentistry concerned with preventive as well as diagnostic and treatment programs in a circumscribed population.

UI = D003149

 

 

Community Health Aides

AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Persons trained to assist professional health personnel in communicating with residents in the community concerning needs and availability of health services.

UI = D003150

 

 

Community Health Centers

AN = IM CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Facilities which administer the delivery of health care services to people living in a community or neighborhood.

UI = D003151

 

 

Community Health Nursing

AN = SPEC qualif; do not confuse with PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING (a government function) CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = General and comprehensive nursing practice directed to individuals, families, or groups as it relates to and contributes to the health of a population. This is not an official program of a Public Health Department.

UI = D003152

 

 

Community Health Services

AN = IM; DF: COMMUNITY HEALTH SERV CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive health services provided for individuals in the community.

UI = D003153

 

 

Community Medicine

AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; DF: COMMUNITY MED CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = A branch of medicine concerned with the total health of the individual within the home environment and in the community, and with the application of comprehensive care to the prevention and treatment of illness in the entire community.

UI = D003154

 

 

Community Mental Health Centers

AN = DF: note short X ref CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Facilities which administer the delivery of psychologic and psychiatric services to people living in a neighborhood or community.

UI = D003155

 

 

Community Mental Health Services

AN = Public Laws 88-164 & 89-105; DF: COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH SERV CATALOG: /geog /form

MS = Diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive mental h